BOLTED AND

RIVETED
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CONNECTIONS
ENGR. CHEZANIE MIYA S.
ASUNCION

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 BOLTED & RIVETED CONNECTION

DO YOU WONDER HOW STEEL MEMBERS ARE

ASSEMBLED?
Structural members are assembled thru the use of bolts,
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rivets, and welds

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 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

1 2 3
BOLTED RIVETED WELDED
CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION
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 BOLTS

• Grip IS THE DISTANCE FROM BEHIND

THE BOLT HEAD to the back of the
nut or washer.
Two Common Types of Bolts
• Thread length Is the threaded portion
1. Unfinished bolt (A307)- is known by names
of the bolt
unfinished, rough, common, ordinary and machine.
• Bolt length is the distance from They are made of low carbo n steel having tensile
behind the bolt head to the end of strength.
the bolt.
2. High Strength Bolt(A325, A449, A490)- A325 is made
of mediu, carbon steel whose tensile strength
decreases with increase in diameter. High strength
bolts can be tightened to large tensions.
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 UNFINISHED BOLTS
• Ordinary, common, rough or block
bolts. Used only for light structures
subjected to static and secondary
members such as purlins & bracing,
roof trusses.
• Size of bolts available 5 to 36 mm and
it is designated as M5 to M36.
• In this type of bolted joint the force is
transferred through interlocking &
bearing of bolts and the joint is called
“Bearing Type Joint”
HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS
• These are called friction type bolts or non-slip
connection or friction type connection.
• The friction is developed by applying a load
normal to the joint by tightening these bolts to
proof load.
TIGHTENING PROCEDURES
• Turn of the nut method
• Calibrated-wrench tightening
• Installation of alternate design bolts
• Direct-tension-indicator tightening.
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HIGH-STRENGTH
BOLTS
• High strength bolts are usually
tightened to develop a specified
tensile stress in them, which results
in predictable clamping force on the
joint.
• Joints containing high – strength
bolts are designed either as slip-
critical or friction type, where high
slip resistance at service load is
unnecessary.
• There are two basic types of high
strength bolts used the ASTM
A3525 and ASTM A490. ALPINE2_TOPIC
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 RIVETS
• Installation of rivets requires heating the rivets
to a light cherry-red color, inserting it into a Round Head Rivet
hole and then applying pressure to the
preformed head while at the same time
squeezing the plain end of the rivet to form a Countersunk Rivet
rounded head. During this process, the
shank of rivet completely or nearly fills
the hole into the which it had been
exerted.
• Upon cooling, the rivets shrinks, thereby
providing a clamping force. However, the
amount of clamping force produced by
cooling of the rivet varies from rivet and
therefore cannot be counted on in design ALPINE2_TOPIC
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 RIVETS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aTL0Jvrf4I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_kv_D2Tn6A
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RIVETS

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 RIVETS

• Shank – It is made of the length to

extend through the parts to be
connected & with sufficient extra
length for a second head to be made
at the other end. Types of Rivets
• Grip – It is the distance between the 1. When rivets are heated before driving is called “ Hot
undersides of the two heads (shank driven field or hot driven shop” rivets.
length inside the connectors) 2. When rivets are not heated before driving is called “
• Nominal diameter – diameter of the Cold driven shop” rivets.
shank. Rivets generally made from steel conforming to ASTM 502
(Grade 1 and Grade 2)
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 BOLTED CONNECTION

Standard Hole Oversized Holes

Connection

Long-Slotted Long-Slotted
Holes(Parallel Load) Holes(Transverse Load)

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 TYPES BOLTED
CONNECTION
LAP JOINT Butt Joint(Double Shear)
(Single Shear)

Two members to be Two members to be

connected are overlapped connected are placed end to
and connected together is end is called butt joint.
called lap joint

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 LOAD TRANSFER
MECHANISM
Depending on types of bolts the load transfer from the connected part to
another may shear or bearing
1. Slip-Critical Connections- the clamping force applied to the bolt brings
the two members close enough so that appreciable friction is
produced between them which is then responsible for resisting the
load. The more the clamping force the more is the friction and strong
is the connection but the clamping force need not to be greater than
tensile strength of the bolt.
2. Bearing type connections- load is transferred by shearing and bearing
on the bolt. Capacity in the shear depends in whether shear plane
intersects the body of bolt or threaded portion.

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 Shear Connections

Eccentric Shear Tension Connection Combined shear and tension

Connections

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POSSIBLE MODES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

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Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection Gross Area Net Area
Ag Ae = An < 0.85Ag

Hole + 1.6
mm (Typ.)
P

Gross Area, Ag= W x t

Effective Area, Ae =UAn = U[Wg-

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 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection Staggered Holes
Holes are sometimes staggered, as shown in Figure.
Staggering of the holes increases the net area of the section.
According to section 502.3, for a chains of holes extending
across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the
P part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width of the
sum of the diameter or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain,
and adding, for each gage space in the chain in quantity

Where:
𝒔 ²
𝑾𝒏=𝑾𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 +∑ s = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two
𝟒consecutive
𝒈 holes
𝒔g²= transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between
𝑨𝒏= 𝑨 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − ∑ 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝒕 +∑ fasteners
𝒕 gage lines, mm
𝟒𝒈

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Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection

Angles
100 For angles, the gage for holes in opposite
𝑚𝑚
legs shall be the sum of the gages from the
𝑚𝑚 back of the angles less the thickness.
t= 1 0

𝑚
90𝑚
8 0 𝑚𝑚
s = 100 ( Pitch)
g = 90 + 80 -10 = 160 (Gage)

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Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection
TENSION ON GROSS AREA

Actual Stress, F

Allowable Stress, on gross area

Where,
- load
–yield stress
𝑭𝒕- allowable stress
-gross area

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Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection
TENSION ON EFFECTIVE AREA

Actual Stress,

Allowable Stress,

𝐴𝑒=𝑈𝐴𝑛
Where,
- load
–yield stress
𝑭𝒕- allowable stress
- reduction coefficient
-effective area
-net area
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 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection
SHEAR IN BOLTS
Actual Stress,

Av = Abolt x n (for single shear)

Av = 2 Abolt x n (for double shear)

Where,
- load
𝑭- shearing stress
-area due to shear
- no of bolts

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 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection BEARING ON THE PROJECTED AREA
BETWEEN THE BOLT AND THE PLATE

Actual Stress,

Ap =
Allowable stress, Fp= 1.2 Fu
Where,
- load
𝑭- bearing stress
-area due to bearing of the projected area

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 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection COMBINED SHEARING AND TEARING
(Shear Rapture or Block Shear)

P= Fv Av + At Ft

Allowable shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Allowable Tearing stress, Ft = 0.5 Fu

Where,
- load
𝑭- allowable shearing stress
𝑭-allowable tearing stress
-area due to shear
-area due to tearing
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 Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection COMBINED SHEARING AND TEARING
(Shear Rapture or Block Shear)

P= Fv Av + At Ft

Allowable shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Allowable Tearing stress, Ft = 0.5 Fu

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Example Problem 1:
The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a 12-mm thick steel plate by four
16 mm diameter rivets as shown in figure 2 – 8. The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot
driven rivets. The steel is ASTM A36 with Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Determine the
value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can
resist.

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Example Problem 1:
Solution:
• TENSION ON GROSS AREA • TENSION ON NET AREA

P P
Ag = Wt =200(10)=2000 sq. mm Ae = UAn = (1)[200-2 =1648 sq. mm
Ft=0.6 Fy; (ASTM A36 Fy=248 MPa) An
Ft=0.6 (248) = 148.8 MPa 1648 < 0.85(2000)=1700 OK!!
P= 148.8 MPa(2000 =297,600 N or 297.60 kN Ft=0.5 Fy; (ASTM A36 Fu=400 MPa)
Ft=0.5 (400) = 200 MPa
P= 200 MPa(1648 =329,600 N or 329.60 kN

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Example Problem 1:
Solution:

• BEARING ON PROJECTED AREA • SHEAR ON RIVETS

P P
Ap = )(no. of bolts) =[16(10)](4)=640 sq. mm Av = )(no. of bolts) =())(4)=804.25 sq. mm
Fp=1.2 Fu; (ASTM A36 Fu=400 MPa) Fv=152 MPa _ Table 2-1: A502, Gr. 2 Hot driven rivets
Fp=1.2 (400) =480 MPa P= 152 MPa(804.25 =122,246 N or 122.246 kN
P= 480 MPa(640 =307,200 N or 307.20 kN

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Example Problem 1:
Solution:
• COMBINED SHEARING AND TEARING (BLOCK SHEAR)

Fv=0.3 Fu; (ASTM A36 Fu=400 MPa)

Fv=0.3 (400) = 120 MPa
Av = 2Abc = (2)[135-1.5 =2172 sq. mm

Ft=0.5 Fu; (ASTM A36 Fu=400 MPa)

Ft=0.5 (400) = 200 MPa
At = 2Aab = (2)[50-0.5 =824sq. mm

P= 120 MPa(2172 + 200 MPa(824 =425,440 N or 425.44 kN

Safest Value of P is equal to 122.246 Kn which governed by the shear on rivets

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Example Problem 2:
A W 14 x 211 beam is connected to a steel girder by 4-25 mm bolts as shown below. The
bolts are A325 with threads excluded from shear plane steel beam is ASTM A53. The
angles and its connection to the girder can be assumed adequate to carry the loads.
Determine the maximum end reaction that the beam can resist.
R

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Example Problem 2:
Solution:
• PARAMETERS GIVEN:

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Example Problem 2:
Solution: • SHEAR ON BOLTS (Double Shear)

R
• BEARING ON PROJECTED AREA Av = )(no. of bolts) =2*())(4)=3926.9 sq. mm
Fv=207 MPa _ Table 2-1: A502, Gr. 2 Hot driven rivets
R R= 207 MPa(3927 =812,889 N or 812.889 kN
Ap = )(no. of bolts) =[25(24.9)](4)=2490 sq. mm
Fp=1.2 Fu; (ASTM A53 Fu=414 MPa)
Fp=1.2 (414) =496.8 MPa
R=496.8 MPa(2490 =1,237,032 N or 1,237 kN

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Example Problem 2:
Solution:
• COMBINED SHEARING AND TEARING (BLOCK SHEAR)

Fv=0.3 Fu; (ASTM A53 Fu=414 MPa)

Fv=0.3 (414) = 124.2 MPa
Av = shear (w)*tw= (60-(7*.5)(27)( = 5116.95 sq. mm

Ft=0.5 Fu; (ASTM A53 Fu=414 MPa)

Ft=0.5 (414) = 207 MPa
At = tension(w) *tw= (60-(27*.5)) =1157.85 sq. mm

R= 124.2 MPa(5116.95 + 207 MPa(1157.85 =875,200.14 N or 875.20 kN

Maximum Value of End Reaction is equal to 1,237 Kn which governed by the bearing on
contact area ALPINE
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THE
MEASURE
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CHANGE. – TOPIC 2 PART 2
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