Chapter 6: Circular Motion and Other

Applications of Newton’s Laws

6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular

Motion Model
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
 Chương 6: Chuyển động
tròn và các ứng dụng khác
của các định luật Newton
6.1 Mở rộng mô hình hạt trong chuyển động tròn đều
6.2 Chuyển động tròn không đều
6.3 Chuyển động trong hệ quy chiếu không quán tính
6.4 Chuyển động khi có các lực cản
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform
Circular Motion Model
Uniform Circular Motion, Acceleration
• A particle moves with a constant speed in a circular path of
radius r with an acceleration.
• The magnitude of the acceleration is given by
v2
ac 
r
• Applying Newton’s Second Law along the radial direction
gives

2
𝑣
∑ 𝐹 𝑟=𝑚𝑎𝑐 =𝑚 𝑟
 Uniform Circular Motion
• A force causing a
centripetal acceleration
acts toward the center of
the circle.
• It causes a change in
the direction of the
velocity vector.
• If the force vanishes, the
object would move in a
straight-line path tangent
to the circle.
 Conical Pendulum

 The object is in
equilibrium in the
vertical direction .
∑Fy = 0 → T cos θ = mg
∑Fx = T sin θ = m ac
v is independent of m
v  L g sin tan
 Motion in a Horizontal Circle
 The speed at which the object moves
depends on the mass of the object and the
tension in the cord.
 The centripetal force is supplied by the
tension.
 The maximum speed corresponds to the
maximum tension the string can withstand.
 Horizontal (Flat) Curve
• Model the car as a particle in uniform
circular motion in the horizontal
direction.
• The maximum speed at which the car
can negotiate the curve is:

v  s gr
 Banked Curve

• The angle of bank is:

v2
tan 
rg
 Banked Curve
 The banking angle is independent of the
mass of the vehicle.
 If the car rounds the curve at less than the
design speed, friction is necessary to keep it
from sliding down the bank.
 If the car rounds the curve at more than
the design speed, friction is necessary to
keep it from sliding up the bank.
 Ferris Wheel

At the bottom of the loop, the mv 2

upward force (the normal)
 F  nbot  mg  r
experienced by the object is  v2 
greater than its weight. nbot  mg  1  
 rg 
 Ferris Wheel
At the top of the circle,
the force exerted on the
object is less than its
weight.

mv 2
 F  mg  ntop  r
 v2 
ntop  mg  1  
 rg 
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
 Non-Uniform Circular Motion
 The acceleration and
force have tangential
components.

 Fr produces the
centripetal
 acceleration
 Ft produces the
tangential acceleration
 The total force is

 F   Fr   Ft
 Vertical Circle with Non-Uniform Speed
• The tension at any
point can be found.
 v2 
T  mg   cos  
 Rg 
 Top and Bottom of Circle

 The tension at the bottom is a maximum.

 v bot
2

T  mg   1
 Rg 
 The tension at the top is a minimum.

 v top
2

T  mg   1
 Rg 
 
 If Ttop = 0, then
v top  gR
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
Motion in Accelerated Frames
A fictitious force results from an
accelerated frame of reference.
– The fictitious force is due to observations
made in an accelerated frame.
– A fictitious force appears to act on an object in
the same way as a real force, but you cannot
identify a second object for the fictitious force.
– Simple fictitious forces appear to act in the
direction opposite that of the acceleration of
the non-inertial frame.
 “Centrifugal” Force

 From the frame of the passenger (b), a

force appears to push her toward the
door.
 From the frame of the Earth, the car
applies a leftward force on the
passenger.
 The outward force is often called a
centrifugal force.
– It is a fictitious force due to the centripetal
acceleration associated with the car’s
change in direction.
 In actuality, friction supplies the force to
allow the passenger to move with the car.
– If the frictional force is not large enough,
the passenger continues on her initial
path according to Newton’s First Law.
 “Coriolis Force”

 This is an apparent force caused by changing the

radial position of an object in a rotating coordinate
system.
The result of the rotation is the curved path of the
thrown ball.
 Fictitious Forces, examples
Although fictitious forces are not real forces,
they can have real effects.
Examples:
– Objects in the car do slide
– You feel pushed to the outside of a rotating
platform
– The Coriolis force is responsible for the
rotation of weather systems, including
hurricanes, and ocean currents.
 Fictitious Forces in Linear Systems
The inertial observer (a) at rest sees

F x  T sin  ma
F y  T cos   mg  0
 The non-inertial observer (b) sees

F ' x  T sin  Ffictitious  ma

F ' y  T cos   mg  0
 These are equivalent if Ffictiitous = ma
6.4 Motion in the Presence of
Resistive Forces
Motion with Resistive Forces

 The medium exerts a resistive force, R, on an
object moving through the medium.
 The magnitude of Rcan depend on the speed
in complex ways.
 We will discuss only two: 
– R is proportional to v: R   bv
• Good approximation for slow motions or small objects, b
 value depends on the property of the medium
R
– is proportional to v2
• Good approximation for high speed motions or large
objects
 Resistive Force Proportional To
Speed, Example
 Assume a small sphere of
mass m is released from
rest in a liquid.
 Forces acting on it are:
– Resistive force
– Gravitational force
dv
mg  bv  ma  m
dt
dv b
a g v
dt m
Resistive Force Proportional To Speed

 Initially, v = 0 and dv/dt = g

 As t increases, R increases
and a decreases
 The acceleration approaches
0 when R ® mg
 At this point, v approaches
the terminal speed of the
object.
 Terminal Speed
To find the terminal
speed, let a = 0
mg
vT 
b
Solving the differential
equation gives
mg
v
b

1  e b t m
 
 vT 1  e  t  
t is the time constant
and
t = m/b
 Resistive Force Proportional To v2

 For objects moving at high speeds through

air, the resistive force is approximately
equal to the square of the speed.
 R = ½ DrAv2
– D is a dimensionless empirical quantity called
the drag coefficient.
– r is the density of air.
– A is the cross-sectional area of the object.
– v is the speed of the object.
 Resistive Force Proportional To v2,
example
Analysis of an object
falling through air
accounting for air
resistance.
1
 F  mg 
2
D  Av 2  ma

 D A  2
a  g   v
 2m 
 Resistive Force Proportional To v2,
Terminal Speed
 The terminal speed will
occur when the
acceleration goes to zero.
 Solving the previous
equation gives

2mg
vT 
D A
Some Terminal Speeds
 Example: Skysurfer

Step from plane

– Initial velocity is 0
– Gravity causes
downward acceleration
– Downward speed
increases, but so does
upward resistive force
Eventually, downward
force of gravity equals
upward resistive force
– Traveling at terminal
speed
 Skysurfer
Open parachute
– Some time after reaching terminal speed, the
parachute is opened.
– Produces a drastic increase in the upward
resistive force
– Net force, and acceleration, are now upward
• The downward velocity decreases.
– Eventually a new, smaller, terminal speed is
reached.