Semester II

MBA1018:

TECHNOLOGY
FOUNDATIONS
FOR BUSINESS

MODULE 2

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 Course Modules

Module 1: Basics of IT in business [7 Hrs] [ BT: Comprehension]

Introduction, Why IT, SDLC: Agile vs. Waterfall, strategic business IT alignment, Business
Process Management, Project Management.

Module 2: Key IT systems applications in business [10 Hrs] [BT: Comprehension]

Management Information System, Overview of ERP, HRM, CRM, SCM, E-Business systems,
Cybersecurity & Cloud, Data Warehouse: Data and Information Management

Module 3: Emerging Tech and IT for Competitive Advantage. [7 Hrs] [BT: Application]
Key emerging technologies: Industry 4.0, Blockchain, Fintech, ARVR, AIML, GreenIT.
Managing disruption caused by IT. Fundamentals of Digital Transformation & CIO role.

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

RAW MATERIAL TO OUTPUT

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

MIS VS. DSS
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
(MIS) (DSS)

An information system that evaluates, analyzes,

and processes an organization's data to produce An information system that supports business or
Definition
meaningfuland useful information based on which organizational decision- making activities
the management can take right decisions

Supports unstructured or semi-structured

Approach Supports structured decision making
decisions
Provides information to support specific
Purpose Provides information to support internal operations
situations
Uses a large volume of data as the input and gives a Uses a low volume of data as the input and gives
Source data
summarized report as the output a decision analysis as the output

Focus Focuses on operational efficiency Focuses on making effective decisions

Users Used by middle and low-level management Used by senior managers and analysts

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

MANAGEMENT INFO SYSTEMS (MIS)

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

DATABASE & DATABASE SYSTEM
Types of DMBMS
o Database System; record-keeping system with many databases. Relational
o Database; collection of data with info about the organization. database
RDBMS
o Contain any info necessary to take management decisions.
Hierarchical NoSQL
database database

DBMS (Database Management System) capabilities:

 Create a file, Add, Delete, Modify data / entire files. Document
Graph
 Retrieve data collectively/selectively by multiple users database database
 Data can be sorted/indexed/ filtered and searched.
 Various reports can be produced.
 It can perform desired calculations. Network ER Model
database
 Maintain data security, integrity and use.

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 Hierarchical Databases
In a hierarchical database model, data is organized into a tree-like structure. The data is stored in
the form of a collection of fields where each field contains only one value. The records are linked
to each other via links into a parent-children relationship

Network Databases
Network databases are mainly used on large digital computers.
Network databases are hierarchical, but unlike hierarchical
databases, where one node can have a single parent only, a
network node can have a relationship with multiple entities

Relational Databases
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to query RDBMS,
including inserting, updating, deleting, and searching records.
Relational databases work on each table with a key field that
uniquely indicates each Row.

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 Object-Oriented Model Databases
The Object-Oriented Programming approach is
analogical to the application and database
development in a constant data model and language
environment. Applications require less code, use more
natural data modeling, and code bases are easier to
maintain.

Graph Databases

Graph Databases are NoSQL databases and use a graph structure for semantic queries. The
data is stored as nodes, edges, and properties. In a graph database, a Node represents an
entity or instance, such as a customer, person, or car.

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 ER Model Databases
In a simple relational database implementation, each table Row represents one instance
of an entity type, and each field in a table represents an attribute type. In a relational
database, a relationship between entities is implemented by storing the primary key of
one entity as a pointer or "foreign key" in the table of another entity.

Document Databases
Document DB has become popular recently due to its document storage and NoSQL
properties. NoSQL data storage provides a faster mechanism to store and search
documents.

NoSQL Databases
A graph database, network database, object database, and document databases are
common NoSQL databases.
NoSQL database does not have predefined schemas, which makes NoSQL databases a
perfect candidate for rapidly changing development environments.
NoSQL allows developers to make changes on the fly without affecting applications

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

SAMPLE RETAIL INDUSTRY ER MODEL
Staff ProdPurch Products
Customers PurchD
StaffID ProdID
CustID ProdID
MgrID ProdDet1
CDet1 StoreID PPQty1
CDet2…. ProdDet2…
SName PPDesc1
STarget… Purchases
PurchID
Payments
StaffID
PayID
CustID Store
PMID
PayID StoreID WareHouse
PDate
PromoID WHID WHID
PAmt
StoreID MgrID WHLocation
Ptype….
ChannelCode StLocation WHDet1…
PuchDate StDet1…
PurchAmt
Promotions ProdID1….
PayMode PromoID RefChannel
PMID MgrID ChannelCode ER model represents real-
PMTranNo SFirstName ChannelType world objects. An Entity is
PMMrchnt SLastName ChannelLoc a unique thing or object in
PM…. STarget… ChannelDet real world eg. employee

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
o Used to communicate with a database
o Standard language for RDBMS.
o SQL statements can perform tasks such as
 update data on a database,
 or retrieve data from a database.
o Top RDBMS using SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft
SQL Server, Access, Ingres, etc.
o Over 212,633 companies use Microsoft SQL Server
o Incredibly valuable skill employers want now!!
o Good salaries as SQL programmers in high demand.
MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2
Important SQL Commands
 SELECT - extracts data from a database
 UPDATE - updates data in a database
 DELETE - deletes data from a database
 INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
 INNER JOIN- joins two tables
 CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
 ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
 DROP TABLE - deletes a table
 CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
 DROP INDEX - deletes an index
Krishna Durbha
EXAMPLE OF SQL QUERIES
Customers Live demo https://www.programiz.com/sql/online-compiler/
cid first_name last_name age country SELECT first_name, age, country FROM Customers WHERE country = 'UK';
SELECT first_name, age, country FROM Customers WHERE age >= '28' AND
1 John Doe 31 USA country ='UAE';
2 Robert Luna 22 USA SELECT SUM(age) FROM Customers GROUP BY country;
3 David Robinson 22 UK SELECT Customers.first_name, Customers.last_name, Orders.amt
4 John Reinhardt 25 UK FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
5 Betty Doe 28 UAE
ON Customers.cid = Orders.cid;
Orders
ord item amt cid
1 Keyboard 400 4 Output
2 Mouse 300 4 first_name last_name amount
3 Monitor 12000 3 John Reinhardt 400
4 Keyboard 400 1 John Reinhardt 300
5 Mousepad 250 2 David Robinson 12000
John Doe 400
Robert Luna 250

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

SAMPLE SALES MIS DASHBOARD

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

EVOLUTION OF ECOM DELIVERY APPS

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

CASE STUDY:
BLINKIT.

WHAT DOES
BLINKIT NEED
TO LAUNCH?

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR MANAGEMENT

ENTERPRISE BUSINESS SYSTEMS :

CRM, ERP & SCM

Lecture – 12 to 16

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy using Enterprise Applications

• How do customers relationship management systems help firms achieve customer intimacy?

• How do enterprise systems help businesses achieve operational excellence?

• How do supply chain management systems coordinate planning, production, and logistics
with suppliers?

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 ENTERPRISE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE:

Enterprise Resource Planning

Internal Business Processes

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 The simplest way to define ERP is to think about all the
core business processes needed to run a company:
finance, HR, manufacturing, supply chain, services,
procurement, and others.
At its most basic level, ERP helps to efficiently manage
all these processes in an integrated system

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 CRM
Customer Relationship Management

CRM enables customer engagement and lifecycle value with better insights,
personalization and proactive interactions to increase Marketing ROI

https://ap24.lightning.force.com/lightning/page/home

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

CRM Customer View

SOFTWARE Service
Sales Marketing
CAPABILITIES

Krishna Durbha
HOW CRM SYSTEMS SUPPORT BUSINESS
 Increased customer satisfaction  Reduces Churn:
 Increased sales revenue o Tracks customers usage / purchasing products or
services from a company
 Proactive personalized service
o Indicator of growth or decline of firm’s customers
 Reduced direct-marketing costs
 More effective marketing Single view of the customer
 Lower cost of acquisition
 Lower cost of retention

1. Zoho CRM

2. SalesForce CRM

Krishna Durbha
 ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning

Technology backbone of an enterprise. Integrates all transactions i.e. sales,

inventory, production, distribution, finance & Strategy

Video : Oracle ERP Cloud

Tally ERP Retail

Krishna Durbha
HOW ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS WORK

A set of integrated
software modules and a
central database that
enables data to be
shared by many different
business processes and
functional areas
throughout the enterprise

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BUSINESS PROCESSES & ERP FUNCTIONS

 Built around thousands of

 Finance/accounting: general ledger, accounts payable…..
 Human resources: personnel administration, payroll…..
 Manufacturing / production: purchasing, shipping…..
 Sales/marketing: order processing, billing, sales planning etc.

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ERP PROCESS AND INFORMATION FLOWS

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EXAMPLE “ORACLE E-BUSINESS SUITE”

Link : Oracle E-Business Suite

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SCM
Supply Chain Management

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THE SUPPLY CHAIN
 Network of organizations and processes for:
• Procuring raw materials
• Transforming them into products
• Distributing the products

 Upstream supply chain:

• Firm’s suppliers, suppliers’ suppliers, processes for managing relationships with them

 Downstream supply chain:

• Organizations and processes responsible for delivering products to customers

 Internal supply chain

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SUPPLY CHAIN LIFE CYCLE

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NIKE’S SUPPLY CHAIN

Bullwhip effect

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PUSH VS PULL BASED SUPPLY CHAIN MODELS
PUSH BASED: Build-to-stock: Schedules based on best guesses of demand

PULL BASED: Build-to-order: Schedules based on best guesses of demand

The difference is “Make what we sell, not sell what we make.”

Krishna Durbha
BUSINESS VALUE OF GLOBAL SCM SYSTEMS
Video: Toyota - Just In Time vs. Just In Case

 Match supply to demand.

 Global supply chain issues ie. Distance &
 JIT : Reduce inventory levels. time, Different cultures, standards, legal
 Improve delivery service. requirements
 ISM to manage complexities in Warehousing,
 Speed product time to market.
Transportation, Logistics
 Use assets more effectively.
 Outsourcing
 Reduced costs = increased profits.
 Expensive to buy & implement : Avg cost >$7 million & > 17 months
 Deep-seated technology, business process, people changes
 Organizational learning
 Switching costs, dependence on software vendors
 Data standardization, management, cleansing

Krishna Durbha
CLOUD COMPUTING
Delivery of computing services- including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics,
and intelligence— over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and
economies of scale.
Infrastructure As a Service Platform As a Service Software As a Service

 On-demand self-service.
 Pay as you use
 Access anywhere
 Provisioned without human
interaction
 Broad network access.
 Multi-tenancy, resource pooling
 Rapid elasticity and scalability.
 Measured service

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha 37

CLOUD MODELS

Parameter Public Private Hybrid

Cost Cost-effective Expensive Expensive

Security Depends on the cloud provider Most Secure Secure

Highly scalable with the right

Scalability Highly scalable Limited
architecture

Accessibility Everyone Limited Medium

Maintenance Lowest Highest Medium

Shared Resources Multitenant, Shared Servers On-premise, Private Servers Mixed

Owner Cloud Provider Organization Organization

AWS, GCP, Azure, IBM, VMware, HPE, Rackspace, VMware,
Examples
Oracle Dell, Openstack Cisco, IBM

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

CASE STUDY : EUROPEAN RETAILER CLOUD ADOPTION

o Business Problem: : Massive Infrastructure

cost
o Objective : Reduce maintenance cost by X
Mil GBP
o Approach: Deliver Secure & seamless
integrated cloud environment

To-be state:
 Migrate applications to Cloud (Public and
Private) based on business criticality

Savings 197,000 GBP (38%)

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

CYBER SECURITY

Technologies and processes designed to protect computers, networks

and data from unauthorized access and attacks delivered via the
internet by cyber criminals.

Cyber security is important for the network, data and application

security

Security & Control

 Security: Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent
unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to info systems
 Controls: Methods, policies, and organizational procedures that ensure
safety of organization’s assets; accuracy and reliability of its accounting
records

MBA1018 Technology Foundations for Business Module 2 Krishna Durbha

 Types of Cyber Crime

A) Hacking B) Phishing C) Malware D) Denial of Service

Unauthorized access Steal personal details Block own PC access Flood of fake requests
1) Deceptive emails: 1) Ransomware 1. DoS: Denial of Service.
1) Website Hacking
2) Network Hacking 2) Key/Screen-Loggers 2) Trojan
2. DDoS : Distributed Denial of
3) Email Hacking 3) Session Hijackers 3) Virus Service. Attack by network of
4) Password Hacking 4) DNS redirect 4) Worms etc. bots.

5) Ethical Hacking 5) Watering hole 5) Spyware

3. DRDoS: Distributed Reflector
6) Whaling / spear fishing 6) Adware DoS attack (anonymity)
7) Pretexting 7) ATM Skimming

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Phishing Examples

FBI Says Fake CEO

Email Scam Losses Hit
$2.3 Billion

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Ransomware

• The worm that blocks access to your own devices

• Most feared virus affecting companies globally
• Infect devices by blocking access and demanding ransom to unblock.
• Some variants encrypt information we have in our devices.

Video (by Sci Show): 5 of the Worst Computer Viruses Ever

How do Criminals Install Ransomware?

 Ransomware generates a pop-up window, webpage, or email warning from what looks like an
official authority.
 Installed when you open a malicious email attachment
 Ransomware can even be installed when you visit a malicious website.

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DoS: Denial of Service
: Refers to a saturation of requests, achieved by overloading the servers

Video DDOS

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Thank You…….

Krishna Durbha