Session 5

Battery
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Battery
 Batteries are devices that provide electricity by means of electrochemical cells inside
them.
 An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and
electric cars.
Dry Cell and Wet Cell Batteries
 Wet cell batteries:
A well cell battery generates power from an electrode and a liquid electrolyte
solution .Eg. Lead Acid batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, etc.
 Dry cell batteries:
A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte , with only enough moisture to allow current to flow.
Eg. AA, AAA, Li-ion, LiPo, etc.
Parameters of a Battery
 Operating Voltage – It is the voltage at which battery operates. It is 3.7 V for 1S Battery.
 Fully Charged Voltage – It is the voltage level of the battery when it is fully charged. It
ranges between 4.2 – 4.35 V.
 Fully Discharged Voltage – It is the voltage level of the battery when it is fully discharged.
It ranges between 2.7 – 3 V.
 Capacity of Battery - The capacity of a storage battery is the product of the current drawn
from a battery, multiplied by the number of hours this current flows. The unit in which
capacity is measured is the ampere-hour or mAh(milliamp hour).
 C – Rating (Discharge Rating) - The C rating of a battery (or cell) is used to indicate the
continuous current draw (amps) the cell will support. By multiplying the C rating times the
cell capacity in milliamp hours (mAh), the continuous current in milliamp (mA) of a cell is
easily calculated.
Lead Acid Battery
Advantages
 Inexpensive and Simple to Manufacture
 Low Self Discharge
 Low Maintenance Requirement
Disadvantages
 Poor Weight-to-energy Density
 Environmentally unfriendly
NiMH Battery
Advantages
 Environmental Friendly
 Higher Energy Density
Disadvantages
 Limited Discharge Current (0.2 to 0.5
C)
 High Self Discharge
Lithium ion Battery
Advantages
 High Energy Density
 Relatively Low Self-Discharge
Disadvantages
 Requires Protection Circuit
 Moderate Discharge Current (0.2 – 2C)
 Expensive
Li-Po Battery
Advantages
 Lighter weight
 Higher capacities
 Higher discharge rates
Disadvantages
 Shorter lifespan - 300–400 charge cycles
 Sensitive chemistry
 Need special care while charging,
discharging, and storing.
Pluto Battery
 Battery - LiPo (Lithium – ion polymer
battery)
 Voltage – 3.7 V
 Current – 600 mA
 C – Rating – 20 C
 Dimensions
o Width – 20mm
o Height – 9mm
Stability and
Control
Stability and Control
 Stability
Stability is the ability of a system to return to its old state after a disturbance.
 Control
Control is the ability to change flight direction and altitude of Aircraft.
Stability
 Stable System
 Unstable System
 Neutral System
Stable System
An aircraft that has stability tends to return
to its original attitude when it's disturbed.
Let's say you're flying an aircraft, you hit
some turbulence, and the nose pitches up.
Immediately after that happens, the nose
lowers and returns to its original attitude.
That's an example of a stable system,
Unstable System
A system that is unstable tends to continue
moving away from its original attitude when
it's disturbed. For example, if you hit
turbulence and your nose pitches up, and
then immediately continues pitching up, your
system is unstable. For most aircraft, this is a
very undesirable thing.
Neutral Stable
An aircraft that has neutral stability tends to
stay in its new attitude when it's disturbed.
For example, if you hit turbulence and your
nose pitches up 5 degrees, and then
immediately after that it stays at 5 degrees
nose up, your airplane has neutral static
stability.
Degree of Freedom
6 Degrees of Freedom
3 Displacements
o Horizontal Motion
o Side Motion
o Vertical Motion
3 Rotations
o Roll
o Pitch
o Yaw
Control
 Roll
 Pitch
 Yaw
 Throttle
RC Joystick control diagram
Roll
Done by pushing the right joystick to the left
or right. Literally rolls the quad copter, which
maneuvers the quad copter left or right.
Drone Left - Right
Pitch
Done by pushing the right joystick up or
down. Tilts the quadcopter, which maneuvers
the quadcopter forwards or backwards.
Drone Front Back
Yaw
Done by pushing the left joystick to the left or
to the right. Rotates the quadcopter left or
right
Drone Rotate Left Right
Throttle
 To increase, push the left joystick up. To decrease, pull the left joystick down.
 This adjusts the altitude, or height, of the quadcopter.
Drone Control
Clockwise (CW) and Counter Clockwise (CCW) Motor
Direction
A quadcopter must have 4 motors. To have
a balanced quadcopter, the propeller
rotation has to be toward the quad copter's
main body. To achieve this you need the
quadcopter motor setup as follows:
 Front Left – Clockwise motor (CW)
 Front Right – Counter Clockwise motor
(CCW)
 Back Left – Counter Clockwise motor
(CCW)
 Back Right – Clockwise motor (CW)
Pluto
Controller
Pluto Controller
Steps to follow
 Download Pluto controller App
 Connect to Pluto - Wi-Fi
 Calibrate Pluto (Accelerometer and Magnetometer)
 Select Tilt mode
Pluto Controller App
Pluto Controller App
Drone Setting
Calibration
Motor Test
Control Setting
Camera
Flight Instructions
Step 1 - Connect the drone to the app using Wi-Fi icon.
Step 2 - Go to settings and perform both the calibrations as explained above.
Step 3 - Flip the ARM button on.
Step 4 - To start flying pull the throttle (left joystick) all the way down. This starts the
motors but the drone will not take off.
Step 5 - Pull the throttle up abruptly up to 70% to make the drone attain sufficient height. If
you pull it up slowly it may not rise high enough.
Step 6 - Now maneuver it and understand the sensitivity of the drone.
That’s it! You are ready to fly the drone.

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Battery

 Dry cell batteries:

 Low Self Discharge

 Low Maintenance Requirement

 Higher Energy Density

 High Self Discharge

 Relatively Low Self-Discharge

 Moderate Discharge Current (0.2 – 2C)

Control is the ability to change flight direction and altitude of Aircraft.

 Download Pluto controller App

 Connect to Pluto - Wi-Fi

 Calibrate Pluto (Accelerometer and Magnetometer)

 Select Tilt mode

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