the action of thinking about something in

NNSERAOIG
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

OTESASRIN
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

VSEEPOCMRHNIE
elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
ENDVEIEC indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
HAMEPTY
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
NNSERAOIG
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
REASONING
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

OTESASRIN
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
REASONING
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

ASSERTION
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

VSEEPOCMRHNIE
elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
REASONING
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

ASSERTION
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

COMPREHENSIVE
elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
ENDVEIEC indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
REASONING
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

ASSERTION
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

COMPREHENSIVE
elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
EVIDENCE indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
HAMEPTY
feelings of another
 the action of thinking about something in
REASONING
a logical, sensible way

a confident and forceful statement of fact

ASSERTION
or belief

complete; including all or nearly all

COMPREHENSIVE
elements or aspects of something
the available body of facts or information
EVIDENCE indicating whether a belief or proposition
is true or valid
the ability to understand and share the
EMPATHY
feelings of another
 Interaction
between the
reader and
the material

Development Gathering
of arguments information

CRITICAL
READING
Importance of
Manner of
the info.
presentation
gathered

Legitimacy of
Purpose the info.
gathered
Critical Reading
as Reasoning
Reading and Writing Skills
2nd Semester | SY 2016-2017

Miss Hazel Angelyn E. Tesoro

Teacher III
Reasoning
• the act of thinking about something in a
logical, sensible way
• think, understand, and form judgments
by a process of logic
Assertion
• A statement used to make a declaration or to
express strong belief on a particular topic,
often without evidence
• Can be formulated after reading a story or a
poem, and even after watching a play
• The purpose of writing an assertion is for the
writer to convey directly an idea or feeling and to
convince the reader to accept the writer’s
interpretation of a particular literary work.
Steps in Writing an Assertion
1. Read or watch the literary work
comprehensively.
2. Note the part you agree with, the part
you oppose, and your explanation of it.
3. Collect evidence from the same or
other literary authors that have the
same assertion as with the writer.
Forming Assertions
• Basic Assertion
• Emphatic Assertion
• I-Language Assertion
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the culture and values
of the Filipinos are still intact. Precolonial Philippines has
her own form of government and social structure. Every
local community is composed of small kingdom or tribe
headed by a chieftain called the ‘rajah’ or ‘datu’. Social
structure also exists and is composed of three classes,
namely: the ‘maharlika’ or freeman, ‘timawa’ or the middle
class, and the ‘alipin’ or the slaves. Judicial, legislative and
executive systems, also known as the branches of the
government, are also present during precolonialism. The
‘datu’ formulates the law, ‘village elders’ help the datu in
deciding and promulgating laws, and the ‘umalohokan’ or
town crier is the one who disseminates new law or
ordinances.
The Philippines is also known as sea travellers
with the use of their ‘balangay’ or Butuan boat.
They also had smooth foreign relation because
of the trading of minerals and goods. Literacy
rate is also high because of the existence of the
‘baybayin’ or the ancient writing method. All of
these advances were abolished as the
Spaniards fully colonized the country.
Forming Assertions
• Basic Assertion
• Emphatic Assertion
• I-Language Assertion
Practice #1
Basic Assertion
• A simple statement used to express
the writer's feelings, beliefs, and
opinions directly.
• This type of assertion is usually used in
writing formal papers like thesis and
dissertation.
Sample Text using Basic
Assertion
The Philippines has an advanced
civilization before the colonization of
Spain. Form and branches of government,
social structure, and the existence of
ancient writing are some of the evidences
that prove the advancement of the
precolonial period.
 Sample Text using Basic
Assertion
The Philippines has an 1. In this paragraph,
which sentence contains
advanced civilization before the the basic assertion?
colonization of Spain. Form and 2. Why do you say that it
branches of government, social is indeed a basic
assertion?
structure, and the existence of 3. Which sentence
ancient writing are some of the contains the evidence
evidences that prove the that supports the
assertion?
advancement of the precolonial 4. What is the basis of
period. such an evidence?
Any questions,
so far? 
Empathic Assertion
•A statement used to express
empathy or on how a person
understands the feelings and emotions
of the literary author.
• This can be used on writing a formal or
informal paper.
Two Parts of an
Empathic Assertion
• the first statement that recognizes the
situation or even the feelings of the
characters on the text being read
followed by
• the second statement where the writer
states his stand about the situation
Sample Text using
Empathic Assertion
I know that the Philippines, before pre-
Spanish colonization, has her own system
of writing called the ‘baybayin’. This
alone proves that the Filipinos are literate
as opposed to the Spaniards’ claim.
 Sample Text using
Empathic Assertion
I know that the Philippines, 1. Which sentence
recognizes the
before pre-Spanish situation?
colonization, has her own 2. What is the situation
system of writing called the being talked about?
‘baybayin’. This alone 3. Which sentence
contains the writer’s
proves that the Filipinos are stand on the
literate as opposed to the situation presented?
Spaniards’ claim. 4. What is that stand?
Any questions,
so far? 
I - Language Assertion
• A statement used to express the feeling
and preference of the writer.
• It is called I-Language because it focuses on
the writer and is using the pronoun ‘I’.
• This type of assertion is recommended if the
author wants to express negative feelings
and opinion. This is best used in writing a
review or reflection paper.
Three Parts of an
I - Language Assertion
• The first part contains the accurate information
from literary work, especially the topic the writer
disagrees with
• (When you. . .)
• The second part includes the effect or feeling of the
writer towards the topic
• (It affects/I feel...)
• The last part includes the preference or
recommendation of the writer
• (Therefore, I prefer/I want...)
Sample Text using
I - Language Assertion
Upon reading that the ancient Filipino
civilization is divided into three social classes
namely the ‘maharlika’, ‘timawa’, and ‘alipin’, I
feel proud because of the civilization and
advancement of the society and, at the same
time, sad because of the promulgation of social
differentiation. With this finding, I want to do
further research on the existence of these social
classes’ stigma.
 Sample Text using
I-Language Assertion
Upon reading that the ancient Filipino 1. Which sentence
civilization is divided into three social contains the accurate
classes namely the ‘maharlika’, information?
‘timawa’, and ‘alipin’, I feel proud 2. Which sentence
because of the civilization and contains the effect and
advancement of the society and, at feeling of the writer?
the same time, sad because of the 3. Which sentence
promulgation of social differentiation. contains the preference
With this finding, I want to do further or recommendation of
the writer?
research on the existence of these
social classes’ stigma.
 Sample Text using
I-Language Assertion
Upon reading that the ancient Filipino 1. Which sentence
civilization is divided into three social contains the accurate
classes namely the ‘maharlika’, information?
‘timawa’, and ‘alipin’, I feel proud 2. Which sentence
because of the civilization and contains the effect and
advancement of the society and, at feeling of the writer?
the same time, sad because of the 3. Which sentence
promulgation of social differentiation. contains the preference
With this finding, I want to do further or recommendation of
the writer?
research on the existence of these
social classes’ stigma.
 Sample Text using
I-Language Assertion
Upon reading that the ancient Filipino 1. Which sentence
civilization is divided into three social contains the accurate
classes namely the ‘maharlika’, information?
‘timawa’, and ‘alipin’, I feel proud 2. Which sentence
because of the civilization and contains the effect and
advancement of the society and, at feeling of the writer?
the same time, sad because of the 3. Which sentence
promulgation of social differentiation. contains the preference
With this finding, I want to do further or recommendation of
the writer?
research on the existence of these
social classes’ stigma.
 Sample Text using
I-Language Assertion
Upon reading that the ancient Filipino 1. Which sentence
civilization is divided into three social contains the accurate
classes namely the ‘maharlika’, information?
‘timawa’, and ‘alipin’, I feel proud 2. Which sentence
because of the civilization and contains the effect and
advancement of the society and, at feeling of the writer?
the same time, sad because of the 3. Which sentence
promulgation of social differentiation. contains the preference
With this finding, I want to do further or recommendation of
the writer?
research on the existence of these
social classes’ stigma.
Got questions?

Analyzing What You Have
Learned
1. What is an assertion? 6. How does an assertion
influence your
2. What are the 3 kinds of understanding of a text?
assertion?
7. Why is an assertion
3. What should you do important?
before formulating an 8. How can you use an
assertion? assertion in your daily life?
4. How can you formulate
an assertion?
5. How does an assertion
affect your reading and
writing skills?
Practice #2
¼ sheet of paper
Practice
Determine what kind of assertion is
implied in each of the following
statements by writing:
• BA = Basic Assertion
• EA = Empathic Assertion
• ILA = I-Language Assertion
 1
“I know this is making you angry and
frustrated because you could not get
response yet. But, I can help you by
giving you an estimate of how long it
might take.”
 2
“When you speak harshly, I cannot work
with you because I feel annoyed.
Therefore, I want you to speak gently and
then assign me task.”
 3
“When I cannot take proper sleep, it
affects my nerves and I feel irritation.
Therefore, I daily like to go to bed
earlier.”
 4
“I wish I could have expressed this idea
earlier because now someone else has
taken the credit.”
 5
“Excuse me, first I want to finish my
work then shall go with you.”
 6
“When you are busy, you don’t clean the
house anymore. I've been busy too, and I
feel that it's hard for me to clean the
apartment on my own. I'd like for you to
make more time to do part of the
cleaning.”
 7
“When you didn't buy the groceries, I
couldn't cook dinner for my parents. I
feel hurt and angry with you. Next time,
I'd like you to follow through when you
agree to do something.”
 8
“Excuse me, I'd like to finish what I'm
saying.”
 9
“I know you are feeling angry and
frustrated while you wait for a response.
But, the best I can do is give you an
estimate of how long it will take.”
 10
“When you tell me that you miss me, the
effect is I am unable to focus on my work
I feel very happy. Therefore, I would like
for you to stop saying that you miss me
while I am at work and wait for me until I
arrive home.”
 11
“Instead of going to the party, I’d like to
stay home with you. What do you want
to do?”
 12
“I’d like you to go to the coast with me;
that doesn’t mean I expect you to nor
that you must. I’d just like it if you
would.”
 13
“I can see that you’re upset with me and
not interested in talking right now; I
would like to talk it over when you’re
ready.”
 14
“When you come home late without
bringing your keys, I feel pissed because
it means I have to open the door for you
whilst I am already sound asleep. I would
prefer it if you would bring your keys
with you and go home a little early.”
 15
“I understand that you may not be happy
about this, but I am letting you know
that I am very sorry for breaking up with
you.”
5-item Quiz
Quiz
Identify what is being asked for.
 1
A statement used to make a declaration
or to express strong belief on a particular
topic, often without evidence
 2
A statement used to express the feeling
and preference of the writer.
 3
A statement used to express the writer's
feelings, beliefs, and opinions directly
 4
A statement used to express empathy or
on how a person understands the
feelings and emotions of the writer
 5
The act of thinking about something in a
logical, sensible way
Baybayin
Practice
Determine what kind of assertion is
implied in each of the following
statements by writing:
• BA = Basic Assertion
• EA = Empathic Assertion
• ILA = I-Language Assertion
Reminder: Quiz tomorrow! 
• Critical Reading & • Critical Reading as Reasoning
Critical Thinking • Formulating Evaluative
• Explicit & Implicit Claims Statements
• Claim of Fact • Determining Textual
• Claim of Policy
Evidence
• Claim of Value • Patterns of Development in
Writing
• Context of Text • Language Use
Development • Cohesion and Coherence
• Hypertext • Mechanics
• Intertext • Text Organization
Assignment:
Look for the meaning of the following in the context of reading
and writing skills. Deadline: Friday  | 1 whole sheet of paper
1. Book Review 9. Professional 21. Letter of 31. Announceme
2. Article Critique 10. Business Letter Resignation nt Memo
3. Literature 11. Inquiry Letter 22. Memorandum 32. E-mail
Review 12. Sales Letter 23. Business Memo 33. Business
4. Research 13. Order Letter 24. Operational Email
Report Memo 34. Discipline
14. Complaint Letter
5. Project Proposal
15. Adjustment Letter
25. Financial Memo 35. Netiquette
6. Position Paper 16. Acknowledgement
26. Request for 36. CC
7. Résumé Letter Action
37. BCC
8. College 17. Follow-up Letter 27. Directives
38. Re:
Admission 18. Letter of Apology 28. Trip Report
29. Field Report 39. Email
9. Employment 19. Cover Letter Signature
10. Office 20. Letter of 30. Dress Code
Correspondence Memo 40. Mailing List
Recommendation