Basic Concepts of

ESL, EYL, & EFL

1. AMELIA PANJI SEKAR P. 41421003
2. NGGIR RUSMANTO 41421020
 ESL (English as a Second Language)
 In this global era, English has successfully placed its
position as a language in multicultural and
communication, as a language in international business
communication, and as a language in the international
language of research (Rintaningrum, 2016).
 English is estimated spoken by 400 million people as a
mother tongue and an additional 2 billion as a second
and/or foreign language (Demont-Heinrich, 2007).
 Starting from free trade, more and more foreign
companies are established in Indonesia, so that the use
of international language, English, is increasingly
widespread, of course for prospective entrepreneurs and
job seekers it has become a must to be able to master
English in order to master English.
 Even though Indonesian is the mother tongue, English
must also be taken into account as a second language in
everyday life. However it should be noted that English
should not completely replace Indonesian, because
speak Indonesian properly and correctly in everday life
in Indonesia is one form of nationalism.
 The Meaning of Learning English as a Second
Language (ESL)
 English as a second language
also refers to specialized
approaches to language
teaching designed for those
whose primary language is not
English (Nordquist, 2019), for
example in Indonesia.
 Learning language per say
takes strategies, and according
to Wenden and Rubin,
learning strategies can be
defined as actions, steps, plans
or routines taken by the
learners in processing the
information they received
(Hashim, 2018).
 So, from the combination of these 2
understandings, Learning English as a
Second Language is a learning method
that refers to specialized approaches to
language teaching designed for those
whose primary language is not English,
like Indonesia, where in the learning
process it can be through as actions,
steps, plans or routines taken by the
learners in processing the information
they received

Why should we learn
English as a Second
Language?
We should learn English as a second
language because at this time, English is an
international language which is the language
of communication to connect us with the
development of the outside world.
The factors that make Indonesians
citizens still not able to apply English as
a Second Language.
 Environment factor
 Lack of motivation to learn English as a
second language
 Too monotonous learning model
 There are some English materials that
are difficult for some people where the
mother tongue is not English
Source: Nuriska, S. (2021), Learning English as a
Second Language, ResearchGate, Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh November.
 Characteristics of Young Learners
(Pinter, 2006)

 Children are at pre-  Generally, they are more  They have limited reading
school/in the first concerned about & writing skills even in
couple of years of themselves than others. their first language.
schooling.

 Generally they have a  They have lower levels of  They enjoy fantasy,
holistic approach to awareness about themselves imagination, & movement.
language, which means that as language learners as well
they understand as about process of
meaningful messages but learning.
cannot analyze language
yet.
 Characteristics of Young Learners (Pinter, 2006)

VYL (Under 7 th) YL (7 – 12 th)

Not able to read or write in L1; important to recycle language Are learning to read and write in L1
through talk and play

Love playing with language sounds, imitating, and making Are developing as thinkers
funny noises

Learn things through playing; they are not consciously trying Understand the difference between the real and the
to learn new words or phrases – for them it’s incidental imaginary

Not able to organize their learning Can plan and organize how best to carry out an activity

Acquire through hearing and experiencing lots of English, in Can be reliable and take responsibility for class activities
much the same way they acquire L1 and routines

Source: PPT/Sri Supiah Cahyati, S.Pd/TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS (TEYL)-

ENGLISH FOR YOUNG LEARNERS (EYL)/2019
 EYL (English for Young Learners)
In the teaching-learning process, the English teachers must know the kinds of language
learning resources for young learners, as follows:
a. Learning resources are not additional materials for pleasure
b. Learning resources for children must be appropriate for children’s aptitude, will, and world
c. There must be a clear distinction between technique and resource.

In teaching English to children (young learners) at elementary school, the English teachers
need to comprehend language learning principles, which, according to some experts, are as
follows:
a) Children learn through experiences by manipulating surrounding objects. Piaget in
Hudelson (1991: 256) states that children in primary or elementary school are usually in
what is called the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
b) Children learn through social context, in groups in which they know with one another.
Vygotsky in Hudelson (1991: 257) states that children learn in social contexts, in groups
where some group members know more than others.
 EYL (English for Young Learners)
c) Acquisition takes place when learners comprehend how the language is used. Vygotsky
in Hudelson (1991: 257) states that acquisition occurs through learners figuring out how
the language works, through learners making and testing out hypotheses about the
language.
d) Acquisition takes place in social interaction. Vygotsky in Hudelson (1991: 257) states
that language acquisition occurs through social interaction.

Teaching English to young learners is not merely a matter of setting them loose on a
plethora of authentic language tasks in the classroom. To successfully teach young
learners a second or foreign language requires specific skills and intuitions that differ from
those appropriate for adult teaching.

Source: TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS AND FACTORS TO CONSIDER

IN DESIGNING THE MATERIALS, Sukarno (2008), Jurnal Ekonomi & Pendidikan
. English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

A foreign language is a language that is not

commonly used by people living in a particular
area: for example, Indonesian is considered a
foreign language in Australia.
any foreign language besides English: Mandarin
language Spanish, Arabic and others

.
..

For language learners in Indonesia, where English

is not spoken in the society, accuracy is really the
focus in learning English. It is not the case when
people learn English in countries where English
is spoken in the society, such as in the United
States or Malaysia.

.
 EFL Skills
.. Basic EFL Skills :
1. Listening
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing

EFL Specific Skills :

1. Vocabulary
2. Grammar
3. Pronunciation
4. Social interaction skills
.

.
..
Why is EFL Important?

1. EFL opens the door to global communication,

international careers, and cultural understanding.
2. It is an important tool in international trade,
tourism, and diplomacy.