Physical Science?

TOPIC 2 : Composition of Atoms

Let’s Recall ! ! !
Recitation
 Complete the table…

Stage Element/s Formed Atomic mass/ weight

1. Main Helium (He) 4
Sequence star
2. Red giant star
3. Supergiant
star
4. Supernova (at
least 3
elements)
TOPIC 2 : Composition of
Atoms
 REMEMBER ! ! !
• The universe from the expansion of a massive,
single one-dimensional point, the Big Bang.
• Nucleosynthesis is a process of forming atomic
nuclei.
• Types of Nucleosynthesis : Big bang, stellar, and
Supernova
 Atoms from the Eyes of
Philosophers and Scientists
• All matter is composed of atoms, which are bits of
matter too small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be
further split into smaller portions.
• There is a lower limit to the division of matter beyond
which we cannot go. Atoms were impenetrably hard,
meaning they could not be divided.
• In Greek, the prefix "a" means "not" and the word
"tomos" means cut. Our word atom therefore comes
from atomos, a Greek word meaning uncuttable.
• There is a void, which is empty space between atoms.
- In other words, there is empty space between
atoms. In modern times, we would use the word vacuum,
although the Greeks did not
• Aristotle was opposed to the idea of the void and he
based it on his concept of motion, today called the
Aristolelian law of motion.
• In 1669 German merchant and amateur alchemist
Hennig Brand attempted to created a Philosopher’s
Stone. He heated residues from boiled urine, and a
liquid dropped out and burst into flames. This was the
first discovery of phosphorus.
• In 1680, Robert Boyle also discovered phosphorus, and
it became public.
• In 1809 at least 47 elements were discovered.
• 1863 English chemist John Newlands divided then
discovered 56 elements into 11 groups, based on
characteristics.
ATOMS :
1. All matter is composed of atoms.
2. There is a void, which is empty space between
atoms.
3. Atoms are completely solid.
4. Atoms are homogenous, with no internal
structure.
5. Atoms are different in sizes, shapes and weight.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles
called atom. All atoms of a given element are
identical having the same size, mass and chemical
properties.
2. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than
one element.
3. A chemical reaction involves only separation,
combination or rearrangement of atoms.
 Composition of Atoms
1. Atomic Number (Z) – represents the
number of protons in the nucleus of
atom of an element.
2. Mass Number (A) – represents the total
number of neutrons and protons
present in the nucleus of atom of an
element.

Take note : the number of protons = number of electrons = atomic number

number of neutrons = mass number – number of protons
Formation of Ions
• When an atoms has equal number of protons and
electrons, normally the atom is electrically neutral. If an
atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes positively
charged. If it gains electrons, it becomes negatively
charged.
• An Ion therefore is any charged particle which an atom
that has lost or gained electrons.
Composition of Ions
The composition of Ions can also determined if
the mass number and Atomic number are given.
Ions can be symbolized by writing the chemical
symbol of an atom, followed by a superscript
indicating the Ion’s charge.