ENERGY

 The ability to perform work

 Ex: your heart muscle does work
every time it beats
 Two basic forms of energy
 Potential

 kinetic
POTENTIAL ENERGY

 Is stored energy due to an

object’s position or arrangement
KINETIC ENERGY

 Energy of motion
 Anything that is moving
 Kinetic - “motion”
THERMAL ENERGY

 Energy that has been transferred

 From areas that are warmer to
cooler
CHEMICAL ENERGY

 Organic compounds store

energy (potential) in the way
their atoms are arranged.
 This is called chemical energy
 Types of Organisms

Some Organisms use sunlight to make food in a

process called photosynthesis:
These organisms are called AUTOTROPHS or
PRODUCERS.
Some organisms cannot use sunlight to make food-
they must eat instead:
These organisms are called HETEROTROPHS or
CONSUMERS.
 Types of Organisms

No matter how organisms get their food

ALL get their energy FROM THE FOOD in
the SAME way.

Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is a Process in which
organisms create ATP from the food they make or
eat.
 What is ATP?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate:
Made of three things
1.) Ribose (sugar)
2.) Adenosine (base)
3.) Three phosphates
Key to the activity of ATP is release energy as the
bonds break between the phosphates
 ATP

ADP

AMP

ATP to ADP To ADP releases energy

 Cellular Respiration
During Cellular Respiration we take potential energy (stored
energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
and turn it into ATP.

ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type

of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy
available for work)

The amount of energy released is measure in calories or

kilocalories

The more energy a type of food can release the more calories
it has
 Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration: catabolic, exergonic, aerobic

process that uses energy to extract ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) from an organic molecule called
glucose

Catabolic: breaks molecules down

Exergonic: releases energy
Aerobic: oxygen (O2) requiring
 Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration is similar to breathing and

respiration

Breathing and respiration is an exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide between blood and the outside
air

Cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide between the cells and the blood
 Cellular Respiration
Makes up to 38 ATP

Cellular Respiration uses the glucose we eat

and the glucose plants make as well as the
oxygen we breathe to create up to 38 ATP as
well as the carbon dioxide we breathe out and
water.
 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration takes place in three stages and in
different places of the cell.

Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol)Mitochondrial Krebs

Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix
Electron Transport Chain: Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane
 Cellular Respiration:
Mitochondria

The mitochondria is designed to complete

cellular respiration with maximum energy
production.
> There are many folds in the membrane to
increase surface area and allows many reactions
of Cellular Respiration to occur at once. This
produces a lot of ATP.
 Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration is broken into three main

parts.

1.) Glycolysis: sugar splitting phase (glucose is

the sugar)
2.) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Extracts the
energy from glucose
3.) Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase:
Turns the energy into ATP for
the body to use

*In total makes from 34 to 38 ATP**

 Stage 1: Glycolysis

Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of

mitochondria in two phases.

A. Energy investment phase

Begin with a Glucose molecule
Put 2 ATP in to start the reaction

B. Energy yielding phase

Create 4 ATP

MAIN GOAL: To split glucose (sugar splitting)

 Glycolysis
Process:
Invest 2 ATP to start the reaction and a Glucose molecule
Split glucose molecule in half to create two molecules of
Pyruvic Acid (each having 3-Carbons)
Produces two molecules of NADH from NAD+
Produces 4 new ATP molecules

NET GAIN: 2 ATP (4 Produced - 2 Invested)

 Glycolysis
Reactants
2 ATP Molecules
1 Glucose Molecule
2 NAD+ Molecules
4 ADP Molecules
Products
2 ADP Molecules
2 Pyruvate Molecules
2 NADH Molecules
4 ATP Molecules
 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix
Main Goal: To Break down pyruvate (pyruvic acid) into
carbon dioxide and Acetyl Co-A and release more energy
Process:
-Each pyruvate loses one carbon and makes a 2
carbon molecule called Acetyl CoA
-The carbon joins with the oxygen (aerobic) that breathe
in to create the carbon dioxide we exhale
-The Acetyl Co-A can then diffuse into the matrix of the
mitochondria
 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Since there are two molecules of Acetyl Co A entering
the Krebs cycle there must be two turns of the cycle.
One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid)

1.

2.
 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Reactants: Products:
Products from glycolysis
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 4 Carbon Molecule to be recycled
ADP ATP
Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
FAD FADH2
NAD+ NADH
 Electron Transport Chain

Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria

Main Goal: Use hydrogen ions and electrons to make
up to 34 ATP
Process:
-All NADH and FADH2 are electron carrier molecules
- Made from glycolysis and Krebs cycle
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and
hydrogen ions to make ATP
 Electron Transport Chain
Reactants:
ALL NADH and FADH2 from Products:
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle NAD+ and FAD

ADP
ATP
 Fermentation
In some cases there is little to no oxygen present and organisms still
need energy. Since cellular respiration is an aerobic process it cannot
occur with out oxygen.
-Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is present (anaerobic)
-Two Types
1. Lactic Acid: Completes glycolysis and
produces lactic acid
2. Alcoholic: Completes glycolysis and
produces alcohol