Newsletter.

History of Drug use

and Drug
Legislation
 Introduction
Almost anyone can become addicted. A
combination of genetic and
environmental factors can trigger the
disease in at-risk individuals. With the
rise in population, drug addiction and
abuse have also risen along with it.
While the early part of the nation’s
history saw people addicted to mostly
plant and alcohol-based substances, the
nature of addiction is the same in the
21st century. But the types of substances
people are most addicted to are
different.
 Newsletter.

Alcohol and the

Temperance
Movement
 Alcohol and the Temperance Movement
 The temperance movement is a
social movement against the
consumption of alcoholic
beverages. Participants in the
movement typically criticize
alcohol intoxication or promote
complete abstinence from
alcohol (teetotalism), and its
leaders emphasize alcohol's
negative effects on people's
health, personalities and family
lives.
 During the 19th and early 20th
centuries, the temperance movement
became prominent in many countries,
particularly in English-speaking and
Scandinavian ones, and it eventually
led to national prohibitions in Canada
(1918 to 1920), in Norway (spirits
only from 1919 to 1926) and in the
United States (1920 to 1933), as well
as provincial prohibition in India
(1948 to present). A number of
temperance organizations exist that
promote temperance and teetotalism
as a virtue.
 Natural Phohibition
 The 18th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution–which banned the
manufacture, transportation and sale
of intoxicating liquors–ushered in a
period in American history known as
Prohibition. Prohibition was ratified
by the states on January 16, 1919
and officially went into effect on
January 17, 1920, with the passage of
the Volstead Act. Despite the new
legislation, Prohibition was difficult
to enforce.
 The increase of the illegal
production and sale of liquor
(known as “bootlegging”), the
proliferation of speakeasies
(illegal drinking spots) and the
accompanying rise in gang
violence and other crimes led to
waning support for Prohibition
by the end of the 1920s. In early
1933, Congress adopted a
resolution proposing a 21st
Amendment was ratified on
December 5, 1933, ending
Prohibition.
 Origins of Prohibition
 In the 1820s and ’30s, a wave of  Maine passed the first state
religious revivalism swept the United
States, leading to increased calls for prohibition laws in 1846,
temperance, as well as other followed by a stricter law in
“perfectionist” movements such as the
abolitionist movement to end slavery. 1851. A number of other
In 1838, the state of Massachusetts states had followed suit by the
passed a temperance law banning the
sale of spirits in less than 15-gallon
time the Civil War began in
quantities; though the law was 1861.
repealed two years later, it set a
precedent for such legislation.
 Origins of Prohibition

 By the turn of the century, temperance societies were a

common fixture in communities across the United States.
Women played a strong role in the temperance movement,
as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and
marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks began on the sale
of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League (established in 1893)
and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise
of evangelical Protestantism and its view of saloon culture as
corrupt and ungodly.
 Passage of the Prohibition Amendment
 That same year, Congress
submitted the 18th
Amendment, which banned
 In 1917, after the United States the manufacture,
entered World War I, President transportation and sale of
Woodrow Wilson instituted a intoxicating liquors, for state
temporary wartime prohibition in ratification. Though Congress
order to save grain for producing had stipulated a seven-year
food. time limit for the process, the
amendment received the
support of the necessary
three- quarters of U.S. states
in just 11 months.
 Ratified on January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment went into effect a
year later, by which time no fewer than 33 states had already enacted
their own prohibition legislation. In October 1919, Congress put
forth the National Prohibition Act, which provided guidelines for the
federal enforcement of Prohibition. Championed by Representative
Andrew Volstead of Minnesota, the chairman of the House Judiciary
Committee, the legislation was more commonly known as the
Volstead Act.
 Enforcement of Prohibition
 Both federal and local government
struggled to enforce Prohibition over
the course of the 1920s. Enforcement
was initially assigned to the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS), and was later
transferred to the Justice Department
and the Bureau of Prohibition, or
Prohibition Bureau. In general,
Prohibition was enforced much more
strongly in areas where the population
was sympathetic to the legislation–
mainly rural areas and small towns–
and much more loosely in urban areas.
 In addition, the Prohibition era
encouraged the rise of criminal
activity associated with bootlegging.
The most notorious example was the
Chicago gangster Al Capone, who
earned a staggering $60 million
annually from bootleg operations
and speakeasies. Such illegal
operations fueled a corresponding
rise in gang violence, including the
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in
Chicago in 1929, in which several
men dressed as policemen (and
believed to be have associated with
Capone) shot and killed a group of
men in an enemy gang.
 Prohibition Comes to an End
 With the country mired in the
Great Depression by 1932,
creating jobs and revenue by
legalizing the liquor industry had
an undeniable appeal. Democrat
Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for
president that year on a platform
calling for Prohibition’s repeal,
and easily won victory over the
incumbent President Herbert
Hoover.
 FDR’s victory meant the end for
Prohibition, and in February 1933
Congress adopted a resolution
proposing a 21st Amendment to the
Constitution that would repeal the
18th. The amendment was submitted
to the states, and in December 1933
Utah provided the 36th and final
necessary vote for ratification.
Though a few states continued to
prohibit alcohol after Prohibition’s
end, all had abandoned the ban by
1966.
History of Opium
 The Origins of Opium
 The earliest reference to  As people learned of the
opium growth and use is
in 3,400 B.C. when the
opium poppy was
cultivated in lower
Mesopotamia
(Southwest Asia). The
Sumerians referred to it
as Hul Gil, the "joy
plant." The Sumerians
soon passed it on to the
Assyrians, who in turn
passed it on to the
Egyptians.
power of opium, demand for
it increased. Many countries
began to grow and process
opium to expand its
availability and to decrease
its cost. Its cultivation spread
along the Silk Road, from the
Mediterranean through Asia
and finally to China where it
was the catalyst for the
Opium Wars of the mid-
1800s.
 From Seed to Sale
 Today, heroin’s long journey to drug
addicts begins with the planting of opium
poppy seeds. Opium is grown mainly by
impoverished farmers on small plots in
remote regions of the world. It flourishes
in dry, warm climates and the vast majority
of opium poppies are grown in a narrow,
4,500-mile stretch of mountains extending
across central Asia from Turkey through
Pakistan and Burma. Recently, opium has
been grown in Latin America, notably
Colombia and Mexico. The farmer takes
his crop of opium to the nearest village
where he will sell it to the dealer who
offers him the best price.
 The Silk Road

 The Silk Road is an 18th-century term for a series of

interconnected routes that ran from Europe to China. These trade
routes developed between the empires of Persia and Syria on the
Mediterranean coast and the Indian kingdoms of the East. By the
late Middle Ages the routes extended from Italy in the West to
China in the East and to Scandinavia in the North. Opium was one
of the products traded along the Silk Road.
 Opium Wars

 In order to fund their ever-increasing desire for Chinese produced

tea, Britain, through their control of the East India Company,
began smuggling Indian opium to China. This resulted in a
soaring addiction rate among the Chinese and led to the Opium
Wars of the mid-1800s. Subsequent Chinese immigration to work
on the railroads and the gold rush brought opium smoking to
America.
 Opium Dens

 Opium dens were established as sites to buy and sell opium. Dens
were commonly found in China, Southeast Asia, the United
States, and parts of Europe. Chinese immigrants came to the
United States in the Mid-1800s to work for railroads and the
Gold Rush and brought the habit of opium smoking with them.
Opium dens sprang up in San Francisco's Chinatown and spread
eastward to New York.
 Chinese Style Opium Pipes
 This antique opium
pipe set, ca. 1821,
highlights the
exquisite details that
could be afforded by
rich Chinese opium
smokers.
 Opium Smoking Equipment

 In addition to the
traditional pipe, opium
smokers could also use a
lamp for heating the
opium as well as various
tools to manipulate the
gummy substance.
 Opium-An Ancient Medicine
 Opium was known to ancient Greek and
Roman physicians as a powerful pain
reliever. It was also used to induce sleep
and to give relief to the bowels. Opium
was even thought to protect the user
from being poisoned. Its pleasurable
effects were also noted. The trading and
production of opium spread from the
Mediterranean to China by the 15th
century. Opium has many derivatives,
including morphine, codeine,
oxycodone, and heroin. Prof. Dr. Otto
Wilhelm Thomé.
 Morphine

 In 1803, morphine, the principal

ingredient in opium, was extracted
from opium resin. Morphine is ten
times more powerful than processed
opium, quantity for quantity. Hailed as
a miracle drug, it was widely
prescribed by physicians in the mid-
1800s. Morphine is one of the most
effective drugs known for the relief of
severe pain and remains the standard
against which new pain relievers are
measured.
 Codeine

 Codeine, another component of

opium, is medically prescribed
for the relief of moderate pain
and cough suppression. It has less
pain-killing ability than morphine
and is usually taken orally. As a
cough suppressant, it is found in a
number of liquid preparations.
 Heroin

 First synthesized from morphine in

1874, the Bayer Company of Germany
introduced heroin for medical use in
1898. Physicians remained unaware of
its addiction potential for years, but by
1903, heroin abuse had risen to
alarming levels in the United States.
All use of heroin was made illegal by
federal law in 1924
 Oxycodone

 Oxycodone is synthesized from

thebaine, a third component of
opium. Like morphine, it is used
for pain relief. Oxycodone is
taken orally. When abused, the
tablets are crushed and snorted, or
dissolved in water and injected.
 History of Cocaine
 Coca is one of the oldest,
most potent and most
dangerous stimulants of
natural origin. Three thousand
years before the birth of
Christ, ancient Incas in the
Andes chewed coca leaves to
get their hearts racing and to
speed their breathing to
counter the effects of living in
thin mountain air.
 Native Peruvians chewed
coca leaves only during
religious ceremonies. This
taboo was broken when
Spanish soldiers invaded
Peru in 1532. Forced Indian
laborers in Spanish silver
mines were kept supplied
with coca leaves because it
made them easier to control
and exploit.
 History of Cocaine
 Cocaine was first isolated
(extracted from coca leaves) in
1859 by German chemist Albert
Niemann. It was not until the
1880s that it started to be
popularized in the medical
community.
 Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund
Freud, who used the drug himself,
was the first to broadly promote
cocaine as a tonic to cure
depression and sexual impotence.
 In 1884, he published an article
entitled “Über Coca” (About
Coke) which promoted the
“benefits” of cocaine, calling it
a “magical” substance.
 Freud, however, was not an
objective observer. He used
cocaine regularly, prescribed it
to his girlfriend and his best
friend and recommended it for
general use.
 History of Cocaine
 In 1886, the popularity of the drug got a
further boost when John Pemberton included
coca leaves as an ingredient in his new soft
drink, Coca-Cola. The euphoric and
energizing effects on the consumer helped to
skyrocket the popularity of Coca-Cola by the
turn of the century.
 From the 1850s to the early 1900s, cocaine
and opium-laced elixirs (magical or
medicinal potions), tonics and wines were
broadly used by people of all social classes.
Notable figures who promoted the
“miraculous” effects of cocaine tonics and
elixirs included inventor Thomas Edison and
actress Sarah Bernhardt. The drug became
popular in the silent film industry and the
pro-cocaine messages coming out of
Hollywood at that time influenced millions.
 Cocaine use in society
increased and the dangers of the
drug gradually became more
evident. Public pressure forced
the Coca-Cola company to
remove the cocaine from the
soft drink in 1903.
 By 1905, it had become popular
to snort cocaine and within five
years, hospitals and medical
literature had started reporting
cases of nasal damage resulting
from the use of this drug.
 History of Cocaine
 In 1912, the United States
government reported 5,000
cocaine-related deaths in one year
and by 1922, the drug was
officially banned.
 In the 1970s, cocaine emerged as
the fashionable new drug for
entertainers and businesspeople.
Cocaine seemed to be the perfect
companion for a trip into the fast
lane. It “provided energy” and
helped people stay “up.”
 At some American
universities, the percentage
of students who
experimented with cocaine
increased tenfold between
1970 and 1980.
 In the late 1970s,
Colombian drug traffickers
began setting up an
elaborate network for
smuggling cocaine into the
US.
 History of Cocaine
 Traditionally, cocaine was a rich
man’s drug, due to the large
expense of a cocaine habit. By the
late 1980s, cocaine was no longer
thought of as the drug of choice
for the wealthy. By then, it had
the reputation of America’s most
dangerous and addictive drug,
linked with poverty, crime and
death.
 In the early 1990s, the Colombian
drug cartels produced and exported
500 to 800 tons of cocaine a year,
shipping not only to the US but also
to Europe and Asia. The large
cartels were dismantled by law
enforcement agencies in the mid-
1990s, but they were replaced by
smaller groups—with more than 300
known active drug smuggling
organizations in Colombia today.
 As of 2008, cocaine had become the
second most trafficked illegal drug
in the world.
History of
Marijuana
 History of Marijuana

 Marijuana, also known as cannabis or pot, has a long history of

human use. Most ancient cultures didn’t grow the plant to get
high, but as herbal medicine, likely starting in Asia around 500
BC. The history of cannabis cultivation in America dates back to
the early colonists, who grew hemp for textiles and rope. Political
and racial factors in the 20th century led to the criminalization of
marijuana in the United States, though its legal status is changing
in many places.
 History of Marijuna
 Because it’s a fast-growing plant
that’s easy to cultivate and has
many uses, hemp was widely
grown throughout colonial
America and at Spanish missions
in the Southwest. In the early
1600s, the Virginia,
Massachusetts and Connecticut
colonies required farmers to grow
hemp.
 These early hemp plants had very
low levels of
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the
chemical responsible for
marijuana’s mind-altering effects.
 There’s some evidence that
ancient cultures knew about the
psychoactive properties of the
cannabis plant. They may have
cultivated some varieties to
produce higher levels of THC
for use in religious ceremonies
or healing practice.
 Burned cannabis seeds have
been found in the graves of
shamans in China and Siberia
from as early as 500 BC.
 Medical Marijuana
 In the 1830s, Sir William
 Scientists later discovered that THC
Brooke O’Shaughnessy, an
Irish doctor studying in India,
found that cannabis extracts
could help lessen stomach
pain and vomiting in people
suffering from cholera.
 In fact, the U.S. Food and Drug
 By the late 1800s, cannabis
extracts were sold in
pharmacies and doctors’
offices throughout Europe and
the United States to treat
stomach problems and other
ailments.
was the source of marijuana’s
medicinal properties. As the
psychoactive compound responsible
for marijuana’s mind-altering
effects, THC also interacts with
areas of the brain that are able to
lessen nausea and promote hunger.
Administration has approved two
drugs with THC that are prescribed
in pill form, Marinol and Syndros, to
treat nausea caused by cancer
chemotherapy and loss of appetite in
AIDs patients.
 Recreational Weed
 An ancient Greek historian named
Herodotus described the Scythians—a
large group of Iranian nomads in
Central Asia—inhaling the smoke
from smoldering cannabis seeds and
flowers to get high.
 Hashish (a purified form of cannabis
smoked with a pipe) was widely used
throughout the Middle East and parts
of Asia after about 800 AD. Its rise in
popularity corresponded with the
spread of Islam in the region. The
Quran forbid the use of alcohol and
some other intoxicating substances,
but did not specifically prohibit
cannabis.
 In the United States, marijuana
wasn’t widely used for recreational
purposes until the early 1900s.
Immigrants from Mexico to the
United States during the tumultuous
years of the Mexican Revolution
introduced the recreational practice
of smoking marijuana to American
culture.
 Massive unemployment and social
unrest during the Great Depression
stoked resentment of Mexican
immigrants and public fear of the
“evil weed.” As a result—and
consistent with the Prohibition era’s
view of all intoxicants—29 states
had outlawed cannabis by 1931.
 Marijuana Tax Act

 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 was the first federal

U.S. law to criminalize marijuana nationwide. The Act
imposed an excise tax on the sale, possession or
transfer of all hemp products, effectively criminalizing
all but industrial uses of the plant.
 Marijuana Tax Act
 Fifty-eight-year-old farmer
Samuel Caldwell was the
first person prosecuted
under the Act. He was
arrested for selling
marijuana on October 2,
1937, just one day after the
Act’s passage. Caldwell
was sentenced to four
years of hard labor.
 Industrial hemp continued to
be grown in the United
States throughout World
War II, when its domestic
cultivation was encouraged
after the Philippines—a
major source of imported
hemp fiber—fell to Japanese
forces. The last U.S. hemp
fields were planted in 1957
in Wisconsin.
 Marijuana Legalization

 As part of the “War on Drugs,” the Controlled Substances Act of

1970, signed into law by President Richard Nixon, repealed the
Marijuana Tax Act and listed marijuana as a Schedule I drug—
along with heroin, LSD and ecstasy—with no medical uses and a
high potential for abuse. It was identified in anti-drug programs
like D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) as a “gateway
drug.”
 Marijuana Legalization
 In 1972, a report from the National
Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse
(also known as the Shafer Commission)
released a report titled “Marijuana: A Signal
of Misunderstanding.” The report
recommended “partial prohibition” and lower
penalties for possession of small amounts of
marijuana. Nixon and other government
officials, however, ignored the report’s
findings.
 California, in the Compassionate Use Act of
1996, became the first state to legalize
marijuana for medicinal use by people with
severe or chronic illnesses. Washington, D.C.,
29 states and the U.S. territories of Guam and
Puerto Rico allow the use of cannabis for
limited medical purposes.
 As of June 2019, eleven states and
Washington, D.C., have legalized
marijuana for recreational use.
Colorado and Washington became
the first states to do so in 2012.
Adults also can light up without a
doctor’s prescription in Alaska,
California, Illinois, Maine,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada,
Vermont and Oregon.
 Cannabis is still illegal under U.S.
federal law, however, and the
evolving legal status of marijuana is
a subject of ongoing controversy in
the United States and around the
world.
 Effects of Marijuana

 Marijuana’s side effects—both mental and

physical—are partly responsible for its
checkered legal status. Short-term effects can
include euphoria or other mood changes,
heightened sensory perception and increased
appetite.
 Effects of Marijuana
 While many people
experience a pleasant
“high” feeling after using
marijuana, others may
experience anxiety, fear or
panic. Negative effects
may be more common
when a person uses too
much marijuana, or the
cannabis is unexpectedly
potent.
 The amount of THC in
marijuana—the chemical
responsible for the drug’s
potency—has increased
dramatically in recent decades.
In the mid-1990s, the average
THC content of confiscated
weed was roughly 4 percent. By
2014, it was about 12 percent,
with a few strains of pot
containing THC levels as high
as 37 percent.
Tranquilizers and
Sedatives
 Tranquilizers and Sedatives

 A tranquilizer or sedatives refers to a drug

which is designed for the treatment of anxiety,
fear, tension, agitation, and disturbances of the
mind, specifically to reduce states of anxiety
and tension.
 Tranquilizers and Sedatives
 Tranquilizer, as a term, was
first used by F.F. Yonkman
(1953), from the conclusions
of investigative studies using
the drug reserpine, which
showed the drug had a
calming effect on all animals
it was administered to.
Reserpine is a centrally acting
Rauwolfia alkaloid. The word
directly refers to the state of
tranquility in a person and
other animals.
 The term is considered
popular or common,
meaning it is not
generally in use in the
field of medicine.
Specifically, it is used in
reference to antipsychotic
or neuroleptic
medications.
 Tranquilizers and Sedatives

The term is generally used as a synonym for sedative. When used by

health care professionals, it is usually qualified or replaced with
more precise terms:
 minor tranquilizer usually refers to anxiolytics.
 major tranquilizer might refer to antipsychotics.
Mood stabilizers might also be considered to belong to the
classification of tranquilizing agents.
Hallucinogens
 Hallucinogens

A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent that often or

ordinarily causes hallucinations, perceptual anomalies,
and other substantial subjective changes in thought,
emotion, and consciousness that are not typically
experienced to such degrees with other drug
classifications.
 Hallucinogens
 The common classifications for
hallucinogens are psychedelics,
 The word hallucinogen is
dissociative and deliriants. derived from the word
Although hallucinogens all can hallucination. The term
induce altered states of hallucinate dates back to
consciousness with some overlap
in effects, there are quantifiable
around 1595–1605, and is
differences in the induced derived from the Latin
subjective experiences between hallūcinātus, the past
classes of hallucinogens that are participle of (h)allūcināri,
due to differing and distinct
pharmacological mechanisms.
meaning "to wander in
the mind."
 Hallucinogens

Leo Hollister's five criteria for establishing that a drug is hallucinogenic

were as follows:

1. In proportion to other effects, changes in thought, perception, and mood

should predominate;
2. Intellectual or memory impairment should be minimal;
3. Stupor, narcosis, or excessive stimulation should not be an integral effect;
4. Autonomic nervous system side effects should be minimal; and
5. Addictive craving should be absent.
 History of Use
 Psychedelics, dissociatives,
and deliriants have a long
history of use within
medicinal and religious
traditions around the world
including shamanic forms of
ritual healing and divination,
initiation rites, and rituals of
syncretistic movements such
as União do Vegetal, Santo
Daime, and the Native
American Church.
 In the context of religious
practice, psychedelic
drug use, as well as other
substances such as
tobacco (hypnotic), are
referred to as entheogens.
In some places peyote is
classified as 'sacrament'
for part of religious
ceremonies, and is legally
condoned for such use.
 History of Use

 In some countries, such as the United States and the Netherlands, partial deference
may be granted to traditional religious use by members of indigenous ethnic
minorities such as the Native American Church and the Santo Daime Church.
Recently the União do Vegetal, a Christian-based religious sect whose composition
is not primarily ethnicity-based, won a United States Supreme Court decision
authorizing its use of ayahuasca. However, in Brazil, ayahuasca use in a religious
context has been legal since 1987. In fact, it is a common belief among members of
the União do Vegetal that ayahuasca presents no risk for adolescents within the
church, as long as they take it within a religious context.
Traditional religious and shamanic use

 Historically, hallucinogens have been commonly used in religious or shamanic

rituals. In this context they are referred to as entheogens, and are used to facilitate
healing, divination, communication with spirits, and coming-of-age ceremonies.
Evidence exists for the use of entheogens in prehistoric times, as well as in
numerous ancient cultures, including Ancient Egyptian, Mycenaean, Ancient
Greek, Vedic, Maya, Inca and Aztec cultures. The Upper Amazon is home to the
strongest extant entheogenic tradition; the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon, for
instance, continue to practice an elaborate system of ayahuasca shamanism,
coupled with an animistic belief system.
Traditional religious and shamanic use

 In the 1970s, Frida G. Surawicz and Richard Banta published a review of two case studies
where hallucinogenic drug-use appeared to play a role in "delusions of being changed into a
wolf" (sometimes referred to as "lycanthropy," or being a "werewolf"). They described a
patient whose delusion was thought to be caused by an altered state of consciousness "brought
on by LSD and strychnine and continued casual marijuana use." The review was published in
the Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. While both central cases described white male
patients from contemporary Appalachia, Surawicz and Banta generalized their conclusions
about a link between hallucinogens and "lycanthropy," based on historical accounts that
reference myriad types of pharmacologically-similar drug-use alongside descriptions of
"lycanthropes
 Early scientific investigations

 Although natural hallucinogenic drugs have been known to mankind for millennia, it was not
until the early 20th century that they received extensive attention from Western science.
Earlier beginnings include scientific studies of nitrous oxide in the late 18th century, and
initial studies of the constituents of the peyote cactus in the late 19th century. Starting in 1927
with Kurt Beringer's Der Meskalinrausch (The Mescaline Intoxication), more intensive effort
began to be focused on studies of psychoactive plants. Around the same time, Louis Lewin
published his extensive survey of psychoactive plants, Phantastica (1928). Important
developments in the years that followed included the re-discovery of Mexican psilocybin
mushrooms (in 1936 by Robert J. Weitlaner) and Christmas vine (in 1939 by Richard Evans
Schultes). Arguably the most important pre-World War II development was by Albert
Hofmann's 1938 discovery of the semi-synthetic drug LSD, which was later discovered to
produce hallucinogenic effects in 1943.
Thank You!