Unit4 ESE

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida
ENERGY SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING
Unit IV
Subject Code AOE0361

Pulkit Srivastava
Assistant Professor
B. Tech. ME Department of Mechanical Engineering
3rd Sem. (NAAC and NBA)
05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 1

Faculty Profile
Pulkit Srivastava
Assistant Professor, MED, NIET
Experience 11+ Years Teaching
Mr. Pulkit Srivastava is an Assistant Professor at the

Department of Mechancial Engineering at NIET, Greater
Noida. He has obtained his Masters in Manufacturing
Technology from National Institute of Technnical Teachers'
Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh and also
presently persuing PhD in Mechanical Engineering from
Sharda University, Greater Noida. He has a teaching
experience of more than 11 years, industrial experience of 2
years.

Evaluation Scheme

Syllabus
Unit-I
Energy and its Usage Units and scales of energy use, Mechanical energy and transport, Heat
energy Conversion between heat and mechanical energy, Electromagnetic energy Storage,
conversion, transmission and radiation, Entropy and temperature, Carnot and Stirling heat
engines, Phase change energy conversion, refrigeration and heat pumps, Internal combustion
engines, Steam and gas power cycles, the physics of power plants. Solid-state phenomena
including photo, thermal and electrical aspects.
Unit-II
Nuclear Energy Fundamental forces in the universe, Quantum mechanics relevant for
nuclear physics, Nuclear forces, energy scales and structure, Nuclear binding energy
systematics, reactions and decays, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear fission and fission reactor physics,
Nuclear fission reactor design, safety, operation and fuel cycles.

Syllabus…
Unit-III
Solar Energy Introduction to solar energy, fundamentals of solar radiation and its measurement
aspects, Basic physics of semiconductors, Carrier transport, generation and recombination in
semiconductors, Semiconductor junctions metal-semiconductor junction & p-n junction, Essential
characteristics of solar photovoltaic devices, First Generation Solar Cells, Second Generation Solar
Cells, Third Generation Solar Cells.
Unit-IV
Conventional & non-conventional energy source Biological energy sources and fossil fuels,
Fluid dynamics and power in the wind, available resources, fluids, viscosity, types of fluid flow,
lift, Wind turbine dynamics and design, wind farms, Geothermal power and ocean thermal energy
conversion, Tidal/wave/hydro power.

Syllabus…
Unit-V
Systems and Synthesis Overview of World Energy Scenario, Nuclear radiation, fuel cycles, waste
and proliferation, Climate change, Energy storage, Energy conservation. Engineering for Energy
conservation Concept of Green Building and Green Architecture; Green building concepts, LEED
ratings; Identification of energy related enterprises that represent the breath of the industry and
prioritizing these as candidates; Embodied energy analysis and use as a tool for measuring
sustainability. Energy Audit of Facilities and optimization of energy consumption.

Applications of the Subject
• This course is intended to introduce basics of energy and its usage. Its is further extended to
cover the difference of conventional energy and non conventional energy. It is to cover the
types of energy sources available in nature like Nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy,
tidal energy, wave energy and biological energy sources.
• Now a days the principles of energy science find wide applications in many situations
directly or indirectly to generate electricity.
• The use of this subject energy science and engineering will helpful in future scope of
research by replacing it with conventional sources.

Course Objectives
The objective of the course is to enable students to

1. Understand the concept of energy and its usage in various sectors.
2. Understand fundamentals of nuclear energy and how to produce electricity from it.
3. Understand the concept of solar radiation and solar energy, PV Cells
Understand the different non conventional sources and the power generation
4. techniques to generate electrical energy.
Assess the world energy scenario, climate change and to understand the concept of
5. green building and green architecture.
Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I

05/07/2024 8
Course Outcomes
Once the student has successfully completed this course, he/she will be able to
Understand the concept of energy and energy conservation. Also, student will be able to
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implement its usage.
Understand fundamental forces in the universe, the concepts of quantum mechanics for
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nuclear energy and designing parameters for safe operation of nuclear reactor.
To discuss, understand the concept of solar radiation and its measuring aspects. Also,
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elaborate the physics of semiconductors in manufacturing of solar cell.
Understand the different non conventional sources and the power generation
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techniques to generate electrical energy.
Assess the world energy scenario, climate change. Also, understand the concept of green
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building and green architecture and the optimization of energy consumption.

Programme Outcomes (POs)
1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10.Communication
11.Project management and finance
12.Life-long learning

CO-PO Mapping
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2
CO 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2
CO 4 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
CO 5 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2
Avg 3 2.6 2 2 1.4 1.6 3 1.2 1.8 1 1.4 2.2

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO 1: Apply analyze, design and solve the complex problem related to Mechanical
Engineering.
PSO 2: Implement the use the software, latest equipment and scientific concepts for the
betterment of the society in professional and ethical manner.
PSO 3:To present their technical ideas, execute various projects and learn the
upcoming interdisciplinary technology

CO-PSO Mapping
CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO 1 3 2 3
CO 2 2 1 3
CO 3 2 1 3
CO 4 3 2 3
CO 5 2 2 3
Avg 2.4 1.6 3

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO1: To be capable of applying scientific and engineering attitude to analyze, design

and solve real life problems.
PEO2: To lead a successful career in industries; pursue higher studies or

entrepreneurial endeavors.
PEO3: To demonstrate his potential to bridge the gap between industry and academia
for societal needs with latest tools and techniques.
PEO4: To address environmental, technological and engineering challenges ethically.

Result Analysis
**External Examination yet to be conducted for this subject first time**

End Semester Question Paper Template

Prerequisite / Recap
• Prior Knowledge of energy resources is preferable.
• Student must be aware of various conventional and non conventional energy

resources.
• Basic Knowledge of Wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy and other
resources should be there.

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05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 18

• Conventional and Non-conventional energy sources 19
• Biological energy sources and fossil fuels 29
– Bio Gas 32
– Bio Fuels 33
• Types of fluid flow and viscosity 40

• Wind turbine dynamics 51
• Fluid dynamics and power in the wind 55
• Wind turbine design 60
• Various types of renewable energy sources like hydro, tidal, wave, OTEC and geothermal
energy. 72
05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 19
• Weekly Assignment 90
• MCQs 91
• Old Question Papers 97
• Expected Questions for University Exam 98
• Faculty Video Links, YouTube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details 99
• References
100

• To understand conventional and non conventional energy sources.
• To understand the concept of biological energy sources and fossil fuels.
• To study the various type of flow in a fluid dynamics.
• To understand dynamics of wind turbine, its design and power in the wind.
• To study various types of conventional and non conventional energy sources.

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
KOE 043.1 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3
KOE 043.4 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 3
KOE 043.5 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3

• To understand conventional and non
Topic Objective conventional energy sources.
• Renewable and Non renewable energy.

Prerequisites • Basic concept of thermodynamics.
• Types of energy sources we are using in

Recap our surrounding.

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Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• Energy is one of the most important component of economic infrastructure.
• It is the basic input required to sustain economic growth. There is direct relation
between the level of economic development and per capita energy consumption.
• Simply speaking more developed a country, higher is the per capita

consumption of energy and vice-versa. India’s per capita consumption of energy
is only one eighth of global average. This indicates that our country has low rate
of per capita consumption of energy as compared to developed countries.

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Two Main Sources of Energy:

The sources of energy are of following types:

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Conventional Sources of Energy

Conventional sources of energy are the natural energy resources which are present in a
limited quantity and are being used for a long time. They are called non-
renewable sources as once they are depleted, they cannot be generated at the speed which
can sustain its consumption rate.
These are further classified as commercial energy and non-commercial energy:

• Commercial Energy Sources:
These are coal, petroleum and electricity. These are called commercial
energy because they have a price and consumer has to pay the price to purchase
them.

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(a) Coal and Lignite:

Coal is the major source of energy. Coal deposits in India
are 148790 million tonnes.
According to an estimate, coal reserves in India would
last about 130 years. India is now the fourth largest coal
producing country in the world. Coal deposits are
mainly found in Orissa, Bihar, Bengal and Madhya
Pradesh.
(b) Oil and Natural Gas:
In these days oil is considered as the most important
source of energy in India and the world. It is widely
used in automobiles, trains, planes and ships etc. In
India it is found in upper Assam, Mumbai High and in
Gujarat. The resources of oil are small in India.
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(c) Electricity:
Electricity is the common and popular source of
energy.
It is used in commercial and domestic purposes. It
is used for lighting, cooking, air conditioning and
working of electrical appliances like T.V., fridge and
washing machine.
There are three main sources of power
generation:
1. Thermal Power
2. Hydro-electric power
3. Nuclear Power

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1. Thermal Power:
It is generated in India at various power stations with
the help of coal and oil. It has been a major source of
electric power.
In 2004-05, its share in total installed capacity was 70
percent.
2. Hydro electric Power:

It is produced by constructing dams over overflowing
rivers. For example Bhakra Nangal Project, Damodor
Valley Project and Hirakund Project etc. In 1950-51,
installed capacity of hydro-electricity was 587.4 MW
and in 2004-05, it was 19600 MW.

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3. Nuclear Power:
• India has also developed nuclear power.
Nuclear Power plants use uranium as fuel.
• This fuel is cheaper than coal.
• India has nuclear power plants at Tarapur,
Kota (Rajasthan) Kalapakam (Chennai)
Naroura (UP).
• Its supply accounts for only 3 percent of the
total installed capacity.
Non-Commercial energy Sources:
• These sources include
• Fuel wood
• Straw and dried dung.
These are commonly used in rural India.
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Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:

Besides conventional sources of energy there are non-conventional sources of energy.
These are also called renewable sources of energy. All these sources are renewable
process of energy generation and do not cause environmental pollution.
Examples are
• Bio energy
This type of energy is obtained from organic matter.
i) Bio gas
ii) Bio mass
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Tidal energy.

1) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but still everybody discuss about the energy crisis because
(a) Energy transform into different form continuously.
(b) Usable form of energy is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms.
(c) Energy is consumed and cannot be used again.
(d) All of these
2) An ideal source of energy should have
(a) higher calorific value
(b) easy transportability
(c) easy accessibility
(d) All of these
3) Fossil fuels are
(a) non-renewable source of energy
(b) renewable source of energy
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
4) Dead organisms are transformed into petroleum and natural gas in
(a) presence of air
(b) absence of air
(c) presence of sunlight
(d) none of the above

• To understand the concept of biological
Topic Objective energy sources and fossil fuels.
• Renewable and Non renewable energy.

Prerequisites • Concept of Biodegradable material
• Conventional and Non-conventional

Recap energy.

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Biomass Energy
What is it?
• Biomass energy is the use of living and recently dead biological material as an energy source
• Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy
How it works?
• Traditional: forest management, using wood as fuel
• Use of Biodegradable waste
Examples: manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid waste
• Production of a liquid or gaseous biofuel
Biogas due to the breakdown of biomass in the absence of O2
Bioethanol from fermentation, often from corn. Cellulosic bioethanol is usually from a grass (switch grass)

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Biomass Energy
CARBON NEUTRAL
• ultimately released in energy generation
is recently captured and so ideally does
not change total atmospheric levels
• Carbon leaks can result in a net increase
in levels
• Sequestration in soil can result in a net
decrease in levels

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Biomass Energy
We used to produce energy from biomass
are three main categories:
Energy conversion technologies

• Combustion
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis

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Biomass Energy
Primary energy conversion technologies
• Combustion - direct combustion of biomass is the most common way of
converting biomass to energy - both heat and electricity. Compared to the
gasification and pyrolysis it is the simplest and most developed.
• Gasification - gasification is a high-temperature (1200-1400 Degree
Celsius)thermo chemical conversion process but the process is used for
production of gas, instead of heat.
• Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition occurring in the absence of oxygen. We use
pyrolysis to produce a liquid fuel, bio-oil or pyrolysis oil.

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Biomass Energy
1. BIOGAS
• Getting energy out of biomass by

burning it, turning it into a liquid or
by turning it into a gas called bio gas.
• It contains about 65% of methane gas

as a major constituents

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Biomass Energy
2. BIOFUEL
• Biofuel (also called agro fuel) is a bio-organic fuel. It is obtained by the fermentation of
biomass.
• The process by which micro-organisms break down complex organic substances generally
in the absence of oxygen to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide is called Fermentation.
EXAMPLE
• ETHANOL: It is produced from sugarcane .Its CALORIFIC VALUE is less than petrol. It also
less heat when compare to petrol.
• METHANOL: It is easily obtained from ethanol .Its CALORIFIC VALUE is too low when
compared to gasoline and diesel.
• GASOHOL: It is a mixture of ethanol + gasoline .It is used in cars and buses.

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Biomass Energy
Difference between Bio Fuel and Fossil Fuel
BIOFUEL FOSSIL FUEL
Bio-fuel is produced directly from Fossil fuels are produced by either the
plant matter typically corn, sugar decomposition of plant or animal matter over
cane, sugar beets, or cellulose long periods of time under certain conditions
transforming it into alcohol. such as high temperature and pressure. Fossil
fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas.

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Biomass Energy
ADVANTAGES
• It’s a renewable source of energy.
• It’s a comparatively lesser pollution generating energy.
• Biomass energy helps in cleanliness in villages and cities.
• There is tremendous potential to generate biogas energy.
• Biomass energy is relatively cheaper and reliable.
• It can be generated from every day human and animal wastes, vegetable
and agriculture left-over etc.
• Growing biomass crops use up carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.
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Biomass Energy
DISADVANTAGES
• Cost of construction of biogas plant is high, so only rich people can use it.
• Some people don’t like to cook food on biogas produced from sewage waste.
• Biogas plant requires space and produces dirty smell.
• It is difficult to store biogas in cylinders.
• Transportation of biogas through pipe over long distances is difficult.
• Crops which are used to produce biomass energy are seasonal and are not
available over whole year.
1) The term biomass most often refers to ___________
a) Inorganic matter
b) Organic matter
c) Chemicals
d) Ammonium compounds
2) Biomass is useful to produce __________
a) Chemicals
b) Fibres
c) Biochemicals
d) Transportation fuels
3) Which one of the following is an example of starch crops biomass feed stocks?
a) Sugar cane
b) Wheat straw
c) Corn stover
d) Orchard prunings
4) Which of the following forestry materials can be used as biomass?
a) Logging residues
b) Tallow
c) Fish oil
d) Manure

• To study the various type of flow in a fluid
Topic Objective dynamics.
• Basic concept of fluid mechanics.

Prerequisites • Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid
Recap • Example of various types of flow.

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TYPES OF FLUID FLOW:

• Steady and unsteady flow.
• Uniform and non-uniform flow.
• Laminar and turbulent flow.
• Compressible and incompressible
flow.
• Rotational and irrotational flow
• One, two and three-dimensional flow.

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Steady and Unsteady Flow :

• The flow in which fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc. at a point
does not changes with time is called as steady flow.
E.g. Flow of water with constant discharge through a pipeline is as steady flow.
∂v / ∂t = 0 ∂p / ∂t = 0 ∂ρ / ∂t = 0
• The flow in which fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc. at a point
changes with time is called as unsteady flow.
E.g. Flow of water with varying discharge though a pipe is as unsteady flow.
∂v / ∂t ≠ 0 ∂p / ∂t ≠ 0 ∂ρ / ∂t ≠ 0

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Uniform and Non-uniform Flow :

• The flow in which velocity at a given time does not change with respect to space (length of
direction of flow is called as uniform flow.
E.g. Flow through a long straight pipe of uniform diameter is considered as uniform flow.
∂v / ∂s = 0
• The flow in which velocity at a given time changes with respect to space (length of direction
of flow) is called as non-uniform flow.
E.g. Flow through a long pipe with varying cross section is consider as non-uniform flow.
∂v / ∂s ≠ 0
(a) Uniform velocity (b) Non – uniform velocity

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Viscosity :
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it
corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity
than water.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow :

• The flow in which the adjacent layer do not cross to each other and move along the well
defined path is called as laminar flow.
E.g. flow of blood in small veins, flow of oil in bearings, flow in porous media. etc
• The flow in which the adjacent layers cross each other and do not move along the well define
path is called as turbulent flow.
E.g. flow through a river or canal, smoke from chimney, smoke from a cigarette.

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow :

• If Reynolds’s number is less than 2000, then the flow is laminar.
• If Reynolds’s number is more than 4000, then the flow is turbulent.
• If Reynolds’s number is between 2000 to 4000, then the flow is transit.

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Compressible and Incompressible Flow :
• The flow in which the density does not remain constant for the fluid flow is called as
compressible flow.
E.g. problems involving flight of rockets, aircrafts, flow of air in problems concerned with
turbo machines, compressor blades, flow of gases through openings like nozzles.
• The flow in which the density is constant for the fluid flow is called as incompressible flow.
E.g. problems involving liquids i.e. hydraulics problems, flow of gases in machines like
fans and blowers.

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Rotational and Irrotional Flow :

• The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along stream lines, also rotate about their
own axis is called as rotational flow.
E.g. motion of liquid in a rotating cylinder (forced vortex) as rotational flow.
• The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along streamlines, do not rotate about their
own axis is called as irrotational flow.
E.g. flow of liquid in an emptying wash-basin (free vortex) as a rotational flow.

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One, Two and Three-dimensional Flow :
• The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and one space co-ordinate (x) is
called as One-dimensional flow.
E.g. flow through the pipe is consider as a one dimensional flow.
u = f(x), v = 0, w=0
• The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and to space co-ordinate (x,y) is
called as two-dimensional flow.

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E.g. viscous flow between parallel plates of large extent, flow at the middle part
of airplane wing, flow over a long spillway, flow below long weirs are consider as two-
dimensional flow.
u = f1(x,y), v = f2 (x,y), w = 0
• The flow is converging or diverging pipes or open channels are as three dimensional
flow. Flow in a river, flow at a inlet of a nozzle etc. are the example of three-
dimensional flow.
u = f1 (x,y,z), v = f2 (x,y,z), w = f3 (x,y,z) 0

1) Which method is used exclusively in fluid mechanics?
a) Lagrangian method
b) Eulerian method
c) Both Lagrangian and Eulerian methods
d) Neither Lagrangian nor Eulerian method
2) What type of flow can be taken for granted in a pipe of a uniform cross-section?
a) steady
b) unsteady
c) uniform
d) non-uniform
3) Which of the following statements is true regarding one and two-dimensional flows?
a) Flow in a pipe is always taken as one-dimensional flow
b) Flow in a pipe is always taken as two-dimensional flow
c) Flow in a pipe is taken as one-dimensional flow when average flow parameters are considered
d) Flow in a pipe is taken as two-dimensional flow when average flow parameters are considered
4) Which of the following is true?
a) Flow is rotational inside the boundary layer and irrotational outside
b) Flow is irrotational inside the boundary layer and rotational outside
c) Flow is rotational both inside and outside of the boundary layer
d) Flow is irrotational both inside and outside of the boundary layer

• To study and understand the concept of
Topic Objective wind turbine dynamics.
• Basic concept of physics.

Prerequisites • How to calculate efficiency in a machine.
Recap • Types of flow.

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WIND TURBINE DYNAMICS

Wind physics Basics
Wind – Atmospheric air in motion
Energy source
Solar radiation differentially absorbed by earth surface converted through convective
processes due to temperature differences to air motion.
Spatial Scales
Planetary scale: global circulation
Synoptic scale: weather systems
Meso scale: local topographic or thermally induced circulations
Micro scale: urban topography

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Wind Types
• Planetary circulations:
-Jet stream
-Trade winds
-Polar jets
• Geostrophic winds
• Thermal winds
• Gradient winds
• Katabatic / Anabatic winds – topographic winds
• Bora / Foehn / Chinook – downslope wind storms
• Sea Breeze / Land Breeze

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Wind Types
• Sea Breeze / Land Breeze
• Convective storms / Downdrafts
• Hurricanes/ Typhoons
• Tornadoes
• Gusts / Dust devils / Microbursts Gusts /
Dust devils / Microbursts
• Nocturnal Jets
• Atmospheric Waves

• To understand the concept of fluid
Topic Objective dynamics and to calculate the power in
the wind turbine.
• Basic concept of physics.

Prerequisites • Understanding of various terms like K.E,
P.E and efficiency.
Recap • Wind turbine dynamics

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FLUID DYNAMICS AND POWER IN THE WIND

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FLUID DYNAMICS AND POWER IN THE WIND

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LIFT AND DRAG FORCES

• To understand various types of wind
Topic Objective turbine design.
• Basic concept of orientation of axis.

Prerequisites • Understanding of various terms like K.E,
P.E and efficiency.
• Wind turbine dynamics and its power

Recap calculation.

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Wind Turbine Design

Horizontal-Axis – HAWT
• Single to many blades - 2, 3 most efficient
• Upwind, downwind facing
• Solidity / Aspect Ratio – speed and torque
• Shrouded / Ducted – Diffuser Augmented
• Wind Turbine (DAWT)
Vertical-Axis – VAWT
• Darrieus / Egg-Beater (lift force driven)
• Savonius (drag force driven)

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Wind Turbine Subsystems

• – Foundation
• – Tower
• – Nacelle
• – Hub & Rotor
• – Drivetrain
– Gearbox
– Generator
• – Electronics & Controls
– Yaw
– Pitch
– Braking
– Power Electronics
– Cooling
– Diagnostics

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Terms Used in Wind Energy

Airfoil (Aerofoil): A streamlined curved surface designed for air to flow around it inoder to
produce low drag and high lift forces.
Angle of attack: it is the angle between the relative air flow and the chord of the aerofoil.

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Blade: An important part of a wind turbine that extracts wind energy.
Leading edge: It is the front edge of the blade that faces towards the direction of wind flow.
Trailing edge : It is the rear edge of the blade that faces away from the direction of wind flow.
Chord Line : it is the line joining the leading edge and the trailing edge.

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Mean line: a line that is equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil.
Camber: It is the maximum distance between the mean line and the chord line, which
measures the curvature of the airfoil.
Rotor: It is the prime part of the wind turbine that extracts energy from the wind. It constitute
the blade and hub assembly.
Pitch System: Controls the angle of attack of the blades to the wind to control the extraction of
kinetic energy and thereby the driving torque and speed.
Brake: A disc brake to slow down and stop the rotor at cut-out wind speed or in over-speed
emergencies.

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Low-speed shaft: Turned by the wind turbine rotor.
Gearbox: Used to transfer rotational mechanical energy from the low speed shaft to the high
speed shaft.
High-speed shaft: Driven by the gearbox output coupled to the generator and drives the
generator.
Generator: Converts the rotational mechanical shaft energy from the high speed shaft into
electrical energy, developing a reaction torque to the high speed shaft.
Converter: Controls the flow of electrical energy from the generator by adjusting its rotational
speed and therefore its reaction torque on the gearbox and wind turbine.
Controller: Starts up and shuts down the wind turbine at the cut-in and cut-out wind speeds,
controls the pitch, converter and yaw system to point the wind turbine into the wind and
develop the appropriate reaction torque to the wind turbine at the given wind speed.

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• Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and sends the data to the controller to assist in the
development of the reaction torque.
• Wind Vane: Measures the wind direction and sends the data to the controller to control the
yaw system.
• Nacelle: Housing on the top the tower to yaw into the wind and protect the drive-train
assembly, shafts, gearbox, generator and converter.
• Yaw drive: Used to control the nacelle to face the wind as wind direction changes.
• Yaw motors: Power the yaw drive.
• Tower: Supports the nacelle at an appropriate height, as wind speed increases with height,
taller towers enable WTs to capture more energy and generate more electricity.

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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wind Energy System

The Advantages of WEC systems are:
1. Wind energy is a renewable sources of energy and can be tapped, free of fuel cost.
2. The WTG produces electricity is an environmental friendly way.
3. It can supply electric power to remote inaccessible areas like the
-Upper Himalayan range (Ladakh to Sikkim),
-Andaman and Nicobar islands,
-Remote desert locations in Rajasthan,
-Coastal areas of Kutch (Gujarat) and
-Deep forest tribal settlement in Madhya Pradesh.

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The Advantages of WEC systems are:
4. Public opinion is in favour of WTGs rather than fossil fuel and nuclear power generation.
People do accept a wind turbine closer to their homes (2 km to 5 km). In contrast, the
minimum acceptable distance to a nuclear power plant is 60 km.
5. Wind power generation is cost effective.
6. It is economically competitive with other modes of power generation.
7. Wind energy development is dynamic and an exciting addition to the landscape which
increases public awareness of energy generation.
8. It is reliable and has been used for ages.

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The Disadvantages of WEC systems are:
1. Wind energy has low energy density and normally available at only selected geographical
locations away from cities and load centres.
2. Wind speed being variable, wind energy is irregular, unsteady and erratic.
3. Wind turbine design is complex and needs more research and development work due to
widely varying atmospheric conditions where these turbines are made to operate.
4. Large units have less capital cost per kWh, but require capital intensive technology. In
contrast, small units are more reliable but have higher capital cost per kWh.
5. Wind energy systems require storage batteries which contribute to environmental
pollution.
6. Wind farms are established in locations of favourable wind. These locations are in open
areas away from load centres. Consequently, the connection to state grid is necessary. Wind
energy systems are capital intensive and need government support.
1) What does Heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates?
a) Thermo line circulation
b) Radiation currents
c) Convection currents
d) Conduction currents
2) How much is the energy available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated to be?
a) 2.9 X 120 MW
b) 1.6 X 107 MW
c) 1 MW
d) 5MW
3) What is the main source for the formation of wind?
a) Uneven land
b) Sun
c) Vegetation
d) Seasons
4) What happens when the land near the earth’s equator is heated?
a) All the oceans gets heated up
b) Small wind currents are formed
c) Rise in tides
d) Large atmospheric winds are created

• To study various types of renewable
Topic Objective energy sources.
• Types of energy sources.

Prerequisites • Understanding of basics of physics.
• Non conventional and conventional

Recap energy sources.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

INTRODUCTION
• In Hydro Power Plant the water is utilized to move
the turbines which in turn run the electric
generator’s.
• The Potential energy of the water stored in the dam
gets converted into the Kinetic Energy of the moving
water in the penstock. And this Kinetic Energy gets
converted into the Electrical Energy with the help of
Turbine & Generator combination.
• Hydro Power Plant was invented by H.F. Rogers.
• Hydro power = WQH × n

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

SITE SELECTION
1. Availability of water
– All other designs are based on it.
– Estimate should be made about the average quantity of water available
throughout the year and also about maximum and minimum quantity of water
available during the year.
– These details are necessary to decide the capacity of the hydropower plant
– It also provide adequate spillways or gate relief during flood period.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

SITE SELECTION
2. Water storage
– Since there a is wide variation in rainfall during the year, therefore it is
necessary to store the water for continuous generation of power. The storage capacity
can be calculated with the help of mass curve.
– The two types of storages in use are
1. The storage is so constructed that it can make water available for power
generation for one year only.
2. Water is available in sufficient quantity even during the worst dry periods.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

SITE SELECTION
3. Water head
– In order to generate a requisite quantity of power it is necessary that a large
quantity of water at sufficient head should be available.
– An increase in effective head for a given output, reduces the quantity of water
required to be supplied to the turbines.
4. Accessibility of site
– The site where hydro-electric plant is to be constructed should be easy
accessible. This is important if the electric power generated is to be utilized at or near
the plant site.
– The site selected should have transportation facilities of rail and road.
CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

SITE SELECTION
5. Distance from the load centre
– Power plant should be set up near the load centre, this will reduce the cost of
maintenance of transmission line.
6. Type of the land of the site

– The land to be selected for the site should be cheap and rocky.
– The ideal site will be one where the dam will have largest catchment area to
store water at high head and will be economical in construction.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

WORKING
• Initially the water of the river is in Catchments Area.
• From catchments area the water flows to the dam.
• At the dam the water gets accumulated . Thus the potential energy of the water increases
due to the height of the dam .
• When the gates of the dam are opened then the water moves with high Kinetic Energy into
the penstock.
• Through the penstock water goes to the turbine house.
• Since the penstock makes water to flow from high altitude to low altitude, Thus the Kinetic
Energy of the water is again raised.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

WORKING (Cont..)
• In the turbine house the pressure of the water is controlled by the controlling valves as per
the requirements.
• The controlled pressurized water is fed to the turbine.
• Due to the pressure of the water the light weight turbine rotates.
• Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft connected between the turbine and
the generator rotates .
• Due to the rotation of generator the ac current is produced.
• This current is supplied to the powerhouse .
• From powerhouse it is supplied for the commercial purposes.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

ELEMENTS OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
1. CATCHMENT AREA :
• The whole area behind the calm training into a stream as river across which the dam has
been built at suitable place is called catchments area.
2. RESERVOIR :
• A reservoir is employed to store water which is further utilized to generate power by
running the hydroelectric turbines.
3. DAM :
• A dam is a barrier which confines or raise water for storage or diversion to create a
hydraulic head.
• Dam’s are generally made of concrete, Stone masonary, Rock fill or Timber.
CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

4. SPILWAYS :
• Spill Way’s is a kind of canal provided besides the dam.
• Spill Way’s is used to arrange the excess of accumulation of water on the dam because excess
accumulation of water may damage the dam structure.
5. PENSTOCKS :
• Penstock is the connecting pipe between the dam & the turbine house.
• It helps to increase the kinetic energy of the water coming from the dam.
• Penstock is made up of a very strong material which can sustain the high pressure of water.
5. SURGE TANK:
• Surge tank is used to absorb the fluctuation in pressure caused due to changing demand of
water quantity.

CO-01,04,05
HYDRO POWER ENERGY

CO-01,04,05
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydro Power Energy System

The Advantages of HPS systems are:
• No fuel charges,
• Running cost almost nil,
• No stand by losses,
• Highly reliable,
• Efficiency does not decrease with time,
• Construction and operation wise very simple,
• Maintenance cost very less,
• Starts quickly and synchronizes fast,
• No ash problems thus pollution free,
• Also useful in flood control and irrigation and drinking water purpose, Comparatively quiet
long life.
CO-01,04,05
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydro Power Energy System
The Disdvantages of HPS systems are:

• Higher initial cost,
• Takes long time of erection,
• Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses increases,
• Totally dependent on the availability of water,
• Larger area required,
• Period of installation time is high.

CO-01,04,05

CO-01,04,05
GEOTHERMAL POWER ENERGY
• Geothermal power stations are similar to other

steam turbine thermal power stations in that heat
from a fuel source (in geothermal case, the Earth's
core) is used to heat water or another working
fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a
turbine of a generator, thereby producing
electricity.
• The function and working of power station are
explained in unit one of this subject named in the
topic of vapour power cycle.

CO-01,04,05
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that can produce electricity by
using the temperature difference between deep cold ocean water and warm tropical surface
waters. OTEC plants pump large quantities of deep cold seawater and surface seawater to run
a power cycle and produce electricity.
• The denser cold water masses, formed by ocean surface water interaction with cold
atmosphere in quite specific areas of the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean, sink into the
deep sea basins and spread in entire deep ocean by the thermohaline
circulation. Upwelling of cold water from the deep ocean is replenished by
the downwelling of cold surface sea water.
• OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product. This can be used for air
conditioning and refrigeration and the nutrient-rich deep ocean water can feed biological
technologies. Another by-product is fresh water distilled from the sea.
CO-01,04,05

CO-01,04,05

Advantages of OTEC

CO-01,04,05
TIDAL POWER ENERGY

• Tidal power or tidal energy is the form
of hydropower that converts the energy
obtained from tides into useful forms of
power, mainly electricity.
• Although not yet widely used, tidal energy
has the potential for future electricity
generation. Tides are more predictable
than the wind and the sun. Among
sources of renewable energy, tidal energy
has traditionally suffered from relatively
high cost and limited availability of sites
with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow
velocities, thus constricting its total
availability.
CO-01,04,05
TIDAL POWER ENERGY

• Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides. Tidal forces are periodic variations in
gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding
motions or currents in the world's oceans.
• Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a bulge in the water level is created, causing a
temporary increase in sea level.
• As the Earth rotates, this bulge of ocean water meets the shallow water adjacent to the
shoreline and creates a tide. This occurrence takes place in an unfailing manner, due to the
consistent pattern of the moon's orbit around the earth.
• The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and
Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the seafloor
and coastlines.

Q. no. Questions CO
1.
Explain how local winds are created during daytime and night? (C04)
2.
Write short note on advantages and disadvantages of wind energy convertor (Wind (C04)
mill) system.
3. Prove that the maximum turbine output can be achieved when ? (C04)
4. Describe an expression for energy that can be extracted from winds? (C04)
5. Discuss the different types of wind turbines used to extract wind energy? (C04)
6.
How tidal power plants are classified and what are the limitation of tidal power (C01)
plant?
What is geothermal energy? Discuss the various ways of geothermal power
7. generation and also write a note on the environmental impacts of geothermal (C04)
energy.
8.
Write the difference between geothermal power plant and thermal power plant? (C04)
Write a short note on the following with a neat sketch: (C04)

9.
i) Tidal energy ii) Wave energy iii) Hydro power energy
10.
What is biomass? What are the different resources used to extract biomass energy (C04)
and explain with a neat diagram discuss the biomass gasification method.

1. The amount of energy available in the wind at any instant is proportional to ___ of the wind speed.
a) Square root power of two
b) Square root power of three
c) Square power
d) Cube power
2. Global winds towards westerly direction are known as
a) Trade winds
b) Western winds
c) Eastern winds
d) None of the above
3. The production of bio ethanol is by fermenting the _________ and starch components
a) Acid
b) Milk
c) Sugar
d) Alcohol
4. The aerobic digestion of sewage is used to produce __________
a) Biomass
b) Bio fuels
c) Synthetic fuels
d) Metal articles
5. Which statement about hydroelectric power plant is wrong?
a) Efficiency of hydroelectric power plant does not reduce with age
b) Its construction coast is very high and takes a long time for erection.
c) It is very neat and clean plant because no smoke or ash is produced.
d) Meeting rapidly changing load demands is not possible in hydroelectric power plant.

6. Which of the following is not a requirement for site selection of hydroelectric power plant?
a) Availability of water
b) Large catchment area
c) Rocky land
d) Sedimentation
7. Wind energy is harnessed as ______ energy with the help of windmill or turbine
a) Mechanical
b) Solar
c) Electrical
d) Heat
8. Where is the largest Wind Farm located in India?

a) Jaisalmer Wind Park, Rajasthan
b) Muppandal Wind Farm, Tamil Nadu
c) Vaspet Wind Farm, Maharashtra
d) Chakala Wind Farm, Maharashtra
9. Winds having the following speed is suitable to operate wind turbines.
a) 5 – 25m/s
b) 10 – 35m/s
c) 20 – 45m/s
d) 30 – 55m/s
10. The following is (are) the classification of winds
a) Global wind
b) Local wind
c) Both (A) and (B)

11. Uneven heating occurs on land surface and water bodies are due to _____
a) Air Currents
b) Solar radiation
c) Lunar eclipse
12. Hydroelectric power plant is mainly located in ____________
a) Flat areas
b) Deserts
c) Hilly areas
d) Deltas
13. _________ is called as the bio gas.
a) Bio ethanol
b) Bio methane
c) Bio diesel
d) Bio butanol
14. The term biomass most often refers to ___________
a) Inorganic matter
b) Organic matter
c) Chemicals
d) Ammonium compounds
15. Global Cold wind move from

a) Polar to equatorial region
b) Equatorial to polar region
c) Equatorial to oceanic region
d) Oceanic to Equatorial region

16. The molten rock within the earth is
a) Igneous
b) Magma
c) Sedimentary
d) Metamorphic
17. What does OTEC stand for?
a) Ocean thermal energy cultivation
b) Ocean thermal energy conversion
c) Ocean techno energy conservation
d) Ocean thermal energy consumption
18. Which of the following statement is true about hydroelectric power plant?
a) Hydroelectric power plants are multipurpose.
b) Due to non-uniform flow of water frequency control in such plants is very difficult
c) Hydroelectric power plant has high running cost
d) Water is used as fuel in hydroelectric power plant
19. Geothermal energy is the thermal energy present
a) On the surface of the earth
b) In the interior of the earth
c) On the surface of the ocean
20. Tidal energy is a form of ________
a) Wind power
b) Solar power
c) Heat energy
d) Hydro power

21. How is height of wave determined?
a) By wind speed
b) By a floating device
c) By force of wave
d) By a immersion scale
22. The main composition of biogas is _______________
a)Methane
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Hydrogen
23. What is major disadvantage of wave energy?

a) It is not efficient enough
b) It is available only in ocean
c) The harnessing cost is more
d) Unstable during high wind pressures
24. What type of energy is wave energy?
a) Non – conventional
b) Commercial
c) Non – renewable
d) Exhaustible

a) By wind speed
b) By force of wave
c) By a immersion scale
d) By a floating device

26Kinetic energy that results from the oscillation of water is called
a) Wave energy
b) Tidal energy
c) Ocean thermal energy
d) Hydro energy
27. The following is (are) type(s) of Geothermal (A) Hydrothermal
(B) Hot dry rock
(C) Geo pressurised
(D) All of the above
28. When the water is ejected from earth’s interior in the form of hot
water, it is called
(A) Geyser
(B) Hot springs
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above
29. Tidal energy has ________ for future electricity generation.
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential
c) Wind power
d) Solar power

a) By wind speed
b) By force of wave
c) By a immersion scale
d) By a floating device

1 Choose the Correct answer from(energy, electrostatic force, 0.5mv^2 , Decreases)
a The force between two charged bodies is called_________
b Kinetic energy of an object of mass m and velocity v is given by_________
c The unit of work is joule. The other physical quantity that has same unit is_______
d As we go to the higher altitude the atmospheric pressure ________.
2 Choose the Correct answer from(187 Joules, Zero, λ = C / ν, mgh)

a Potential energy of an object is given by
b 1 calorie is equal to:
c How is the wavelength of radiation (λ) calculated, when propagation velocity ( and frequency (ν) of the radiation is given?
d The heat of formation as ______ in the standard state for each stable element.
3 Choose the Correct answer from(T1/(T1-T2), 3.52 kW, decreases, Work)

a 1 Ton of refrigeration is equal to:
b For a reversible heat pump, COP is given by
c Which one of the following thermodynamic quantities is not a state function?
d For a given temperature T1, as the difference between T1 and T2 increases, the COP of a Carnot
4 Choose the Correct answer from(low, high, receives, Standard Heat of Formation, 1055 Joules, external heat engine)
a Enthalpy change for the oxidation of 1 mole of a compound at standard condition is
b Stirling cycle can also be categorized as ________
c 1 BTU is equal to____________
B.TECH (SEM IV) THEORY EXAMINATION 2019-20
ENERGY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1. Define energy?
2. How tides are generated?
3. Give the sources of geothermal energy.
4. Define energy conservation.
5. Write the difference between geothermal power plant and thermal power plant?
6. How tidal power plants are classified and what are the limitation of tidal power plant?
7. What are conventional and non-conventional energy sources? Write short notes on
classification of energy sources.

1. Explain how local winds are created during daytime and night.
2. Discuss the favourable sites for installing windmills.
3. Derive an expression for energy that can be extracted from wind.
4. Briefly discuss the different types of small hydro-power generating plants.
5. Explain the working of a low-head small hydro project on a canal.
6. What is geothermal energy? What is plate tectonic theory and how is it related to
geothermal energy?
7. Write the important components of a tidal power plant.
8. What is biomass? What are the different resources used to extract biomass energy?
9. Discuss the process of production of ethanol from biomass.

• Youtube/other Video Links:
• https://youtu.be/qSWm_nprfqE
• https://youtu.be/Uhjhufhg3Xk
• https://youtu.be/mCRDf7QxjDk
• https://youtu.be/gcStpg3i5V8
• https://youtu.be/m7ImT4CdcPo
• https://youtu.be/whCu4Xl3m98
• https://youtu.be/fR0chD3Ob1M?list=PL7WE6iUY9byfneeIer_bOR0mI43NK_rb-

Reference
1. Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies, D.P.Kothari, K.C Singal
2014
2. Renewable energy: power for a sustainable future, Godfrey boyle 2014
3. Energy resources: Utilization and technologies, Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, Francis
tuluri
4. Introduction to Modern Physics, H.S. Mani and G.K.Mehta, East-West Press
(1988).
5. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall
(2013).
6. Introductory Nuclear Physics, R. K. Puri and V.K. Babbar, Narosa Publishing
House (1996).
7. Physics of Solar Cells: From Basic Principles to Advanced Concepts by Peter
Wurfel, John Wiley & Sons, 2016
8. Principles of Solar Engineering, D.Y. Goswami, F.Kreith and J.F. Kreider, Taylor
and Francis, Philadelphia, 2000.

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Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,

ENERGY SCIENCE AND

Subject Code AOE0361

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 1

Mr. Pulkit Srivastava is an Assistant Professor at the

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 2

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 3

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05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 5

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 6

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 7

The objective of the course is to enable students to

3. Understand the concept of solar radiation and solar energy, PV Cells

Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 9

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 10

Avg 3 2.6 2 2 1.4 1.6 3 1.2 1.8 1 1.4 2.2

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05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 12

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

Avg 2.4 1.6 3

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 13

PEO1: To be capable of applying scientific and engineering attitude to analyze, design

PEO2: To lead a successful career in industries; pursue higher studies or

PEO4: To address environmental, technological and engineering challenges ethically.

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 14

**External Examination yet to be conducted for this subject first time**

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 15

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 16

• Prior Knowledge of energy resources is preferable.

• Student must be aware of various conventional and non conventional energy

05/07/2024 Pulkit Srivastava ; ESE Unit- I 17

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 18

• Types of fluid flow and viscosity 40

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05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 21

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 22

• Renewable and Non renewable energy.

• Types of energy sources we are using in

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 23

Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• Simply speaking more developed a country, higher is the per capita

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 24

Two Main Sources of Energy:

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 25

Conventional Sources of Energy

These are further classified as commercial energy and non-commercial energy:

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 26

(a) Coal and Lignite:

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 28

2. Hydro electric Power:

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 29

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy:

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 31

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 32

• Renewable and Non renewable energy.

• Conventional and Non-conventional

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- I 33

05/07/2024 Sanjeev Kumar KOE043; ESE Unit- IV 34

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Energy conversion technologies

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External Examination yet to be conducted for this subject first time