Computer Networking

Digital And Analog Txn

Analog and Digital Data
• Analog data
— Continuous values within some interval
• Represented by real numbers Digitized into digital data
— How aloud is the sound?
— How bright is the color?
— What is your weight?
• Digital data
— Discrete values, e.g., text, integers
• Computers use digital data
— Even double precision floating numbers are discrete!
— In practice, digital data are used to approximate analog data
• E.g., the brightness of color can be represented by 0, 1, …,
255
• The loudness of the sound can be represented by 0, 1, …, 255
— Digital data are stored as bit stream in computers.
Analog & Digital Signals
Analog and Digital Signals
• In a communication system, data are
propagated from one point to another by means
of electromagnetic signals.
• Analog signal
—Propagated over a variety of media: wire, fiber optic,
space
—Continuously varying according to the source
information
• Speech bandwidth: 100Hz to 7kHz
• Video bandwidth: 4MHz
• Digital signal
—A sequence of voltage pulses
—Almost unlimited bandwidth
Analog Transmission
• Analog transmission is a means of transmitting analog
signals without regard to their content.
— The signals may represent analog or digital data.
— In either case, the analog signal will become weaker after a
certain distance.
— Therefore, the analog transmission system includes amplifiers
to boost the energy in the signal.
— Unfortunately, the amplifier also amplifies noise.
— With amplifiers cascaded to achieve long distances, the signal
becomes more and more distorted.
• For analog data such a voice, quite a bit of distortion can be
tolerated and the data remain intelligible.
• For digital data, cascaded amplifiers will introduce bit errors.
Digital Transmission
Each single bit can be represented by a signal element.
Each signal element takes some time to send.
Bit rate: the number of bits that can be sent out per unit of time.

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

time
Advantages of Digital
Transmission
• Digital transmission techniques are widely used because of
the following advantages:
— Digital technology
• The advent of low cost LSI/ VLSI (Large scale integration/ very large scale
integration) technology has caused a continuing drop in the cost and size
of digital circuitry.
— Data integrity
• With the use of repeaters, the effects of noise and other impairments are
not cumulative. Thus it is possible to transmit data longer distances and
over lower quality lines while maintaining the integrity of the data.
— Capacity utilization
• High bandwidth links become economical.
• High degree of multiplexing is easier with digital techniques.
— Security & Privacy
• Encryption technique can be readily applied to digital data and to analog
data that have been digitized.
— Integration
• By treating both analog and digital data digitally, all signals have the same
form and can be treated similarly. Thus economies of scale and
convenience can be achieved by integrating voice, video, and digital data.
Channel Capacity
• The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a given
communication channel, under given conditions, is referred to as
the channel capacity.
• Data rate
— The rate in bits per second (bps) at which data can be communicated
• Bandwidth
— In cycles per second, or Hertz
— Constrained by transmitter and the nature of the medium
• Error rate
— The rate at which errors occur, where an error is the reception of a 1
when a 0 was transmitted or the reception of a 0 when a 1 was
transmitted.
• We would like to make as efficient use as possible of a given
bandwidth, i.e., we would like to get as high a data rate as possible
at a particular limit of error rate for a given bandwidth.
 LINE CODING SCHEMES
The choice of a particular pair of pulses to represent the
symbols 1 and 0 is called Line Coding

• Unipolar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

• Polar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

• Polar RZ (Return to Zero)

• NRZI (Non Return to Zero Inverted)

• Manchester coding

• Differential Manchester coding

 Unipolar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

Representation of 0 Representation of 1

Polar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

Representation of 0 Representation of 1
 Polar RZ (Return to Zero)

Representation of 0 Representation of 1

NRZI (Non Return to Zero Inverted)

Representation of 0 Representation of 1

Fig. A Fig. B Fig. C Fig. D

 Manchester coding

Representation of 0 Representation of 1

Differential Manchester coding

Representation of 0 Representation of 1

Fig. A Fig. B Fig. C Fig. D

 Line Code Simple BW DC Component Clock Sync

Unipolar NRZ Yes Low Yes No

Polar NRZ Yes Moderate No No

Polar RZ Yes 2 x BW No No

NRZI Moderate Low No No

Manchester No Greater BW No Yes

Differential Moderate
Moderate No Yes
Manchester BW