INFERENTIAL

STATISTICS
 STATISTICS – is a branch of Science
used in dealing with phenomena that
can be described numerically by
What is counts or by measurements.
statistics? – is the collection of
data, tabulation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative
information.
 1. Population – a collection of items of
interest in research
– a complete set of things
Ex. All trees in Clarin NHS
Terminol
ogies 2. Sample – a subset of a population
– the size smaller that the size of a
population
Ex. 100 trees randomly selected in
Clarin NHS
 3. Representative – an accurate reflection of
the population

Terminol 4. Variables – the properties of a population

ogies that are to be measured

5. Constant – something that does not vary

  Used to summarize, describe and
organize the main features of a data
 Reduce large number of
Descriptive observations into meaningful and
manageable presentation
Statistics  Describe the characteristics of the
data set under study without
generalizing beyond the analyzed
data
 Include…
 Measures of central tendency
(mean, median, mode)
 Measures of dispersion (range,
Descriptive
variance and standard deviation)
Statistics  Frequency distributions (histograms,
frequency tables)
 Graphical representations (box plots,
bar charts, pie charts, etc.)
 The methods help to provide a clear
Descriptive and concise summary of the data,
Statistics facilitating easier interpretation and
understanding.
  Used when making inferences, predictions or
generalizations about a larger population
based on the collected data from a sample of
a population.
 Used to estimate the characteristics of a
Inferential population (parameters) using the
Statistics characteristics of a sample.
 Allow researchers to draw conclusions, test
hypotheses and make predictions even when
it is impractical or impossible to study the
entire population directly.
  Hypothesis Testing – where researchers
test hypotheses about population
parameters using sample data
Key  Regression Analysis – where
Methods in relationships between variables are
Inferential examined and used to make predictions
Statistics  Confidence Intervals – which provide
estimates of population parameters and
their uncertainty levels.
STATISTICAL
TOOLS USED IN
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
 1. Probability – the measure of the
Terminol likelihood of an event to happen
ogies – measures the certainty of
the event
  They are statistical tests that make
assumptions about the parameters
(defining properties) of the population.
Parametr  Parameter refers to a measure
ic Tests which describes population.
 A fixed characteristic of population
based on all the elements of the
population is termed as the parameter.
  Paired-samples T-test
 Independent Samples T-test
Parametr  One-way ANOVA
ic Tests  Pearson Correlation
 Regression Analysis
 2 questions arise about any
hypothesized relationship between two
variables:
Test for 1) What is the probability that the
Significance relationship exists?
2) If it does, how strong is the
relationship?
 2 questions arise about any
hypothesized relationship between two
variables:
Test for 1) What is the probability that the
Significance relationship exists?
2) If it does, how strong is the
relationship?
 2 questions arise about any
hypothesized relationship between two
variables:
Measures of 1) What is the probability that the
Association relationship exists?
2) If it does, how strong is the
relationship?
 This is used to address the question:
Test for 1) What is the probability that what
Significance we think is a relationship between
two variables is really just a chance
occurrence?
  It is used to estimate the probability
that a relationship observed in the data
occurred only by chance; the probability
that the variables are really unrelated in
Test for the population.
Significance  It measures the probability of the null
hypothesis being true compared to the
acceptable level of uncertainty
regarding the true answer.
 A study is statistically significant if the P
value is less than the pre-specified alpha.
Stated succinctly:
Function of  A P value less than a predetermined
Test for alpha is considered a statistically
Significance significant result.
 A P value greater than or equal to alpha
is not statistically significant result