Chapt. 3 Arrays and Strings

< CENG 205 – Computer Programming for Engineers />
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Dept. of Computer & Electrical Eng.
CENG 205 – COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING FOR ENGINEERS
TWENEBOAH-KODUAH S.
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Chapter 3 –
Arrays, Strings &
Pointers
A COLLECTION OF DATA IN BANK
DIVIDED INTO CELLS
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for
it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” – Hudson Maxim
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Learning Objectives
 At end of this chapter, you will be able to
◦ understand what an array is
◦ learn about one-dimensional array, their declaration, initialization,
ways to access individual array elements, representation of array
elements in memory, and other possible operations
◦ learn about one-dimensional strings and the way they are
declared, initialized,
◦ manipulated, inputted, and displayed
◦ learn about two-dimensional arrays, initialization of sized and
unsized two-dimensional
◦ arrays, accessing elements in such arrays, and how this kind of an
array can be used
◦ know about array of strings, its declaration, initialization, other
operations, manipulations, and uses
◦ get a brief idea of three-dimensional arrays or even larger ones
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Scalar variable & aggregate type
 Single value variable
◦ char maryJ;
◦ int n;
◦ float price;
 Aggregate type
◦ any type whose values can be decomposed and are
related by some defined structure.
◦ Data retrieval and updating can be perform on individual
values of data structure.
◦ Structured type
◦ Data structure
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Arrays
 Arrays enable the storing and manipulation of potentially huge quantities of
data.
 An array stores an ordered sequence of homogeneous values.
◦ Homogeneous means that all the values are of the same data type.
 The order of the values are also preserved, i.e., the integer array {1, 2,
3, 4} is different from {1, 4, 3, 2}.
 An array is a collection of individual data elements that is
 Ordered—one can count off the elements 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
◦ Fixed in size
◦ Homogeneous—all elements have to be of the same type, e.g., int, float,
char, etc
 Properties
◦ Data type
◦ Size of the array
◦ Zero base index
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Arrays
 Data structure ARRAY
◦ All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations.
The lowest address corresponds to the first element
and the highest address to the last element.
Types of arrays
• One dimensional array
• Multidimensional array
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1D array declaration
 Syntax
 dataType array_name [size];
 All the array elements hold values of type <dataType>
 The size of the array is indicated by <SIZE>, the
number of elements in the array. <SIZE> must be an
int constant or a constant expression.
 Array size must be a constant integer > 0
 Example
◦ int array[10]; // can hold 10 integers. Reserves
space for 10 integers
◦ int arr[100]; // what is the size?
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 Accessing arrays
◦ <array name> [<index>]
◦ Index is an integer constant ranging from 0 to <SIZE> -
1.
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 Accessing element 3
◦ number [3];
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 Illegal array declaration
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 Syntax dataType arrayName [arraySize];
 Example
 int age[5];
Initializing arrays
int age[5]={2,4,34,3,4}; //Or int age[ ]={2,4,34,3,4};
Array size must be a constant integer > 0

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1D array – assigning elements
 Cell elements can be assign to cells by using the array
indexes
 E.g. int age[ ]={2,4,34,3,4};
 age[2] = 25;
OR
int age[ ]; /* Statement to insert value
age[0] =2; in (i+1)th element of array
age[1] =4; age[ ]. */
age[2] =34;
age[3] =3; scanf("%d", &age[i]);
age[4] = ?
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1D array – accessing elements
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1D array – accessing elements
 Output
Element[0] = 100
Element[1] = 101
Element[2] = 102
Element[3] = 103
Element[4] = 104
Element[5] = 105
Element[6] = 106
Element[7] = 107
Element[8] = 108
Element[9] = 109
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Animated 1D
array
DataType arrayName [size];
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Example
 A program for
printing
numbers that
are greater than
the average
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Array in
Computer
Memory
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Sorting array
 Bubble sort
 A bubble sort compares adjacent array elements and
exchanges their values if they are out of order.
 Smaller values ‘bubble’ to the top of the array (towards
element 0), while the larger values sink
to the bottom of the array.
 This sort continues until no exchanges are performed in a pass.
 If no exchanges are made, then all pairs must be in order.
 A flag named ‘sorted’ is used to determine the state of the
array
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Sorting array
 Bubble sort
 A bubble sort compares adjacent array elements and
exchanges their values if they are out of order.
 Smaller values ‘bubble’ to the top of the array (towards
element 0), while the larger values sink
to the bottom of the array.
 This sort continues until no exchanges are performed in a pass.
 If no exchanges are made, then all pairs must be in order.
 A flag named ‘sorted’ is used to determine the state of the
array
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Sorting array – another illustration
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Sorting array
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In this way, we can keep track of the unsorted portion of the list and repeat
steps a and b with the help of a for loop, as shown in the following
pseudocode:
for (index = 0; index < length - 1; index++)
{
a. Find the location, smallestIndex, of the
smallest element in
list[index]...list[length - 1].
b. Swap the smallest element with list[index].
That is, swap list[smallestIndex] with
list[index].
}
Sorting array
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Sorting array 25
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Example
Searching an element within an array
 Sequential search
◦ Search for an item with a list or array
 Binary search
◦ The drawbacks of sequential search can be eliminated
if it becomes possible to eliminate large portions of the
list from consideration in subsequent iterations.
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Binary search
 In binary search, the following procedure is implemented.
◦ Look at the middle element of the list.
◦ If it is the value being searched, then the job is done.
◦ If the value that is being searched is smaller than the middle
element, then continue with the bottom half of the list.
◦ If the value that is being searched is larger than the middle
element, then continue with the top half of the list.
 In effect, binary search splits the array in half and then
repeats the algorithm on the half that must contain the
value that it is searching for, if it is there at all.
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Binary search
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Binary search
Algorithm
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Arrays of arrays Multidimensional array
 Syntax:
data_type array_name [size1] [size2] ... [sizeN];
 Example: int threedim[5][10][4];
 float a[2][6];
//Here, a is an array of two dimension, which is an example
of multidimensional array. It has 2 rows and 6 columns
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Strings  array of characters
 Array of character are called strings.
 String is terminated by a null character \0
 Each character in a string occupies one location in an array
 ‘\0’ is used to tell the compiler the end of the string
 Strings have double quote “ . ” whereas character has
single quote ‘ . ‘
Example char msg[] = {‘h’,’e’,’l’,’l’,o’,’\0’};
 “I love EEE2 C programming”
I l o v e E E E 2 C
p r o g r a m m i n g \0
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Strings and characters
 Strings have double quote “ . ” whereas
character has single quote ‘ . ‘
 Character is of the type char and string can
have type “pointer to char” i.e. (char *) or
array of character i.e. char myString [ ]
 #include <cstring>
is need to use any string manipulation
function in C. e.g. strcopy, strlen, strcmp(),
etc.
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etc.
char studentName[26];
studentName = "Lisa L. Johnson"; //illegal
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etc.
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etc.
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 String declaration
1. As array of characters
e.g. char str1[ ] = “I like”;
2. As pointer to char
e.g. char *str2 = “EEE2 C programming”
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Using cin() & getline() to accept string
char str1[26];
cin.get(str1, 26); //stores 25 characters
char textLine[100];
cin.getline(textLine, 100); //reads or store 99
characters
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Multidimensional array
Parallel Arrays
 Two (or more) arrays are called parallel if their
corresponding components hold related
information.
◦ Suppose you need to keep track of students’ course
grades, together with their ID numbers, so that their
grades can be posted at the end of the semester.
◦ Example
• int studentId[50];
• char courseGrade[50];
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2D strings
2D string
array
initialization
Syntax:
<data_type> <string_array_name>[<row_size>] [<columns_size>];
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Manipulating string arrays
 cstring is required in string manipulation using
the following
 String copy  strcopy()
 String length  strlen()
 String compare  strcmp()
etc
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Animated 2D arrays
data_Type Array_name
[row size][column size];
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xD array initialization
The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:
 dataType arrayName[intExp1][intExp2];
 Example, double sales[10][5];
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 int c[2][3] = {
{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}
};
OR
 int c[][3] = {
{1,3,0}, {-1,5,9}
};
OR
 int c[2][3]={1,3,0,-1,5,9};
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• This one too works!

int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
• Suppose there is a multidimensional array
arr[i][j][k][m]. Then this array can hold
i*j*k*m numbers of data
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Accessing 2D array elements
 The syntax to access a component of a two-
dimensional array is:
arrayName[indexRowExp][indexColExp]
 An element in 2-dimensional array is accessed by
using the subscripts, i.e., row index and column
index of the array. i.e. where i and j are the array
indexes
 For example:
◦ int val = a[2][3]; //
◦ sales[5][3] = 25.75;
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 An element in 2-dimensional array is accessed by
using the subscripts, i.e.,0 row index and column
a[0][0]:
index of the array.a[0][1]:
i.e. where
0 i and j are the array
indexes a[1][0]: 1
 For example: int val = a[2][3];
a[1][1]: 2 //
a[2][0]: 2
a[2][1]: 4
a[3][0]: 3
a[3][1]: 6
a[4][0]: 4
a[4][1]: 8
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Matrix addition
 Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of
order 2*2 using multidimensional arrays where,
elements of matrix are entered by the user.
Best choice is for loop(s)
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Best choice is for loop(s)
 Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of

order 2*2 using multidimensional arrays where,
elements of matrix are entered by user.
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To find the transpose of a matrix
 Transpose of a matrix is found by exchanging rows
for columns of a matrix
 The transpose of is , where I and j are row and

column numbers respectively
Matrix must be a square matrix (m = n)
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Transpose of a matrix
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Matrix
multiplication
 For n x n matrix, where A

has m x n and B has n x p.
 The product C has a
dimension m x p.
 The ijth element of matrix C
is found by multiplying the
entries of the ith row of A
with the corresponding
The elements of matrix C are
entries in the jth column of
B and summing the n terms.
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Largest element in each row
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Passing arrays as function arguments
 1D array can be pass as double getAverage(int arr[],
function argument. Function int size)
parameters must be formally {
declared first 
int i;
 void myFunc (int *param)
double avg;
{…}
double sum;
 void myFunc (int param[10])
{…}
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
{
 void myFunc (int param[ ])
{…} sum += arr[i];
}
 Example
avg = sum / size;
return avg;
}
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Example – passing array to function
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typedef declaration of 2D arrays
 If you know the size of the tables with which the program will
be working, then you can use typedef to first define a two-
dimensional array data type and then declare variables of
that type.
For example, consider the following:
◦ const int NUMBER_OF_ROWS = 20;
◦ const int NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS = 10;
◦ typedef int tableType[NUMBER_OF_ROWS]
[NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS];
 So, we can declare a variable of the type defined already
(above)
◦ tableType matrix;
◦ declares a two-dimensional array matrix of 20 rows and 10 columns.
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Enumeration
Type
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User defined (simple) data type
Enumeration Type
 To define an enumeration type, you need the
following items:
◦ A name for the data type
◦ A set of values for the data type
◦ A set of operations on the values
 C++ lets you define a new simple data type
wherein you specify its name and values, but not
the operations.
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Enumeration Type
 The syntax for enumeration type is:
enum typeName {value1, value2, ...};
 value1, value2, ... are identifier called enumerators.
 The statement:
◦ enum colors {BROWN, BLUE, RED, GREEN, YELLOW};
◦ defines a new data type called colors, and the values
belonging to this data type are BROWN, BLUE, RED,
GREEN, and YELLOW.
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Enumeration Type Assignment: popularSport = FOOTBALL;
 Declaring variable
◦ dataType identifier, identifier,...;
The statement:
 enum sports {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, HOCKEY, BASEBALL, SOCCER,
VOLLEYBALL};
Defines an enumeration type called sports.
 The statement:
◦ sports popularSport, mySport;
 declares popularSport and mySport to be variables of type
sports. No arithmetic operations are allowed on the enumeration type
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 No arithmetic operations are allowed on enum type.
◦ Illegal operations; mySport = popularSport + 2; popularSport++;
 enum sports {BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL, HOCKEY, BASEBALL, SOCCER,
VOLLEYBALL};
 Allowed operations on enum type:
◦ popularSport =
static_cast<sports>(popularSport + 1);
 popularSport = FOOTBALL;
 popularSport =
static_cast<sports>(popularSport + 1);
 After the second statement, the value of popularSport is
HOCKEY.
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Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type
 You can declare variables of an enumeration type
when you define an enumeration type
 enum grades {A, B, C, D, F}
courseGrade;
◦ defines an enumeration type, grades, and declares a
variable courseGrade of type grades.
 enum coins {PENNY, NICKEL, DIME,
HALFDOLLAR, DOLLAR} change, usCoins;
◦ defines an enumeration type, coins, and declares two
variables, change and usCoins, of type coins.
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Enum type as index of array
 const int NUMBER_OF_ROWS = 6;
 const int NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS = 5;
 enum carType {GM, FORD, TOYOTA,
BMW, NISSAN, VOLVO};
 enum colorType {RED, BROWN, BLACK,
WHITE, GRAY};
 int inStock[NUMBER_OF_ROWS]
[NUMBER_OF_COLUMNS];
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Statement:
inStock[FORD][WHITE] = 15;
Data presented in tabular form

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typedef Statement
 It is possible to create synonyms or aliases to a
previously defined data type by using the typedef
statement.
 Syntax is
◦ typedef existingTypeName newTypeName;
 Example
◦ typedef int integer; // Usage: integer x = 8;
◦ typedef double real; // Usage: real x = 8.75;
◦ typedef double decimal;
//Usage: decimal x = 7.5868;
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Namespaces
Syntax
 namespace namespace_name
{
members
}
 where members is usually named constants,
variable declarations, functions, or another
namespace.
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Namespaces
 Accessing namespace
◦ namespace_name::identifier
 To access the member RATEof the namespaceglobalType,
the following statement is required:
◦ globalType::RATE
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Records
(structs)
C++ STRUCTURES
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Array and structures
Arrays Structures (struct)
 Takes basic data types  It is user defined data type
such as int, char, float,  Itdifferent
hold collection of elements of
basic data type
etc.  It is basically a record
 Data is organize into  It is a collection of variables of
linear elements of the different data types under a single
name
same data type
 It can hold arrays or pointers as
 Array is compose of some of its members
the same type of  It means of grouping variables
under a single name for easier
elements handling and identification.
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Declaring structures & structure variables
 The keyword struct is used to declare structures
follow by optional tag or the structure name followed
by the body of the structure
 Variables or members are declared within the body of
the structure block.
 General structure declaration format
struct <structure_tagName> {
<dataType memberName1>; //basic data
<dataType memberNameN>; // types
}<structure_Variable1>,
<structure_Variable2>, … ;
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 General structure declaration format
struct <structure_tagName> {
<dataType memberName1>; //basic data
<dataType memberNameN>; // types
}<structure_Variable1>,
<structure_Variable2>, … ;
 structure_tagName is name of the structure.
 structure_Variables are list of variables
separated by commas
◦ Also known as instance variables
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 Like all data types, structures must be declared
and defined
 Ways to declare and/or define a structure
◦ Variable structure
◦ Tagged structure
◦ Type-defined structure
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Declaration of variable structure
struct {
member_List;
} variable_Identifier;
 Example
struct {
int x;
int y;
} a;
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Declaration of tagged structure
struct tag_Name{
Defining structure variables
member_List; struct tag_Name
} variable_Identifier; variable1, variable2, …;
 Example
struct coordinate{
int x;
Structure are most
int y;
often declared at the
} a;
global area of a
 Variable a is of type coordinate.
 It has separate instance of all
program before
members (x and y) in the main()
structure.
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Declaration of type structure
struct tag_Name{
member_List;
};
 Example
struct coordinate{
int x;
int y;
};
 Variable a is omitted.
 We can declare a variable that is of type coordinate
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Example
 Declare a structure to get (or set) the coordinate
of any point in pixels on a screen.
Different point can be declared based

on the point structure such as
struct point upperLeft,
lowerRight;
struct point origin;
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Example – structure to hold personal data
Any variable declared to be of type struct personal_data

will contain these components, which are called members
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Memory allocation
Example
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This structure variable Country This structure named country has

holds a string called name having 30 three structure variables India,
characters, an integer variable Japan, Indonesia.
population and a string called All three structure variables hold the
language with 15 characters same kind of member elements, though
with different values.
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Operations on structures
 Structures can take ‘ = ‘ (simple assignment) and
‘ & ‘ (take the address).
 It is not possible to compare structures for
equality using ‘ == ‘.
 It is also not possible to perform arithmetic
operations on structures.
 Arithmetic operations can only be done on
members of the structure.
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Accessing members of a structure
 Members of a structure can be accessed with the
use of the dot ‘ . ‘ operator (member access
operator)
 General form of statement for accessing members
of a structure is
 structure_variable . member_name
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Accessing members of a structure
 newStudent.GPA = 0.0;
 newStudent.firstName =
“John”;
 Getting/printing data
◦ cin>>newStudent.firstName;
◦ cout<<newStudent.testScore;
 Assignment
◦ Student = newStudent;
 Relational operator
However, ◦ if (student.firstName ==
if (student == newStudent) { } //illegal newStudent.firstName &&
student.lastName ==
newStudent.lastName) { }
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Initializing structures
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Initializing structures – Example
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Initializing structures – Example
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Example – complete program
 A railway ticket generation program that uses
named initialization in a structure using C++.
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Typedef in structure declarations
 The typedef keyword allows the programmer to create
a new data type name for an existing data type.
 No new data type is produced but an alternate name is
given to a known data type.
 The general form of the declaration statement
using the typedef keyword is given as follows
typedef <existing data type> <new data
type ,….>;
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 The general form of the declaration statement using the
typedef keyword is given as follows
type ,….>;
Usage: declaring a variable

based on user define data type
Defining a new user data type
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 The general form of the declaration statement using the
typedef keyword is given as follows
type ,….>;
In structure declaration
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The hot coffee
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Understanding memory addresses
 Computers has primary memory (RAM)
◦ Example of size of RAM; 16, 32, … 512 MB
etc.
◦ RAM holds the programs that the computer
is currently running along with the data
they are currently manipulating (their
variables and data structures).
◦ All variable used in a program and the
program itself reside in the RAM
◦ It is a sequence of a large number of
memory locations (cells), each of which has
an address. Each memory location is Variables that are defined outside any
capable of storing a small number (0 to function (whether of global or file static
256), which is known as a byte. scope), and variables that are defined
inside a function as static variables,
 Declaring variables first always allows the exist for the lifetime of the program’s
compiler to set aside a space in memory execution.
which can then be filled up with useful These variables are stored in the data
numbers. segment.
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Stack
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Memory stack before pointers
 The memory cells (a, b, c, and
d) holds values of integer type
( …, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ….)
 A memory cell must have a
location, which we reference
via its address
 The symbol indicate the
memory cell current holds
garbage – i.e. meaningless
value until variables are
initialized
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Memory stack before pointers cont’d
 After initialization at line 3, the
garbage is replaced with the
(current) value
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Processor Clock cycles –
simplified
 Computers operate on a clock style.
◦ At the beginning of each clock cycle, input values are read
from memory;
◦ During the cycle, arithmetic occurs over the input values;
◦ At the end of the cycle, computed values are written to
memory.
 (oh!, that’s massive over-simplification )
 read, compute, write read, compute, write read,

compute, write —billions of times per second.
(hmmmm, this guy never get bored!.)
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Stack example
 Fill in the data corresponding to final memory configuration
Final memory stack
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Stack example – self check
 Fill in the data corresponding to final memory configuration
Final memory stack
Answers:
a = 4; b = 2; c = 3
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Pointers – What are Pointers?
 Different from other normal variables which can store values.
 Pointers are special variables that can hold the address of a variable.
 Since they store memory address of a variable, pointers are very
commonly said to “point to variables”.
• A normal variable ‘var’ has a

memory address of 1001 and
holds a value 50.
• A pointer variable ‘ptr’ has its
own address 2047 but stores
1001, which is the address of the
variable ‘var’
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Pointers declaration
 pointer_dataType *pointer_variableName;
◦ Example : int *p; char *p;
 Where, * is used to denote that “p” is pointer variable
(user) and not a normal variable.
 pointer_dataType : It specifies the type of pointer. It can
be int, char, float etc. This type specifies the type of
variable whose address this pointer can store.
 pointer_variableName : It can be any name specified by
the user. Professionally, there are some coding styles which
every code follows. The pointer names commonly start
with ‘p’ or end with ‘ptr’.  char *chptr;
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o Key points to remember about pointers in C:
Normal variable stores the value whereas pointer
variable stores the address of the variable.
The content of the C/++ pointer is always a whole
number i.e. address.
Always C/C++ pointer is initialized wth a null, i.e.
int *p = null.
The value of null pointer is 0.
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& symbol (address of operator)is used to get the
address of the variable.
* symbol (dereferencing operator or indirection
operator) is used to get the value of the variable
that the pointer is pointing to.
If a pointer is assigned to NULL, it means it is
pointing to nothing.
Two pointers can be subtracted, to know how many
elements are available between these two pointers.
But, Pointer addition, multiplication, division are
not allowed.
The size of any pointer is 2 byte (for 16 bit compiler).
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Pointers declaration -- Example
 SYNTAX: type *variable ;
 EXAMPLE: float *p;
 INTERPRETATION: The value of the pointer variable p is a
memory address. A data item whose address is stored in this
variable must be of the specified type.
Example
int m = 25;
int *itemp; /* a pointer to an integer */
itemp = &m; /* Store address of m in pointer itemp */
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Pointers declaration -- Example
Note:
*itemp can be used to reference the cell selected by pointer item
*itemp = 35; //stores 35 in the variable m that is pointed by itemp
printf("%d", *itemp); // displays the new value of m (35).
The statement
*itemp = 2 * (*itemp); //doubles the value currently stored in m
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Illustration
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Memory stack after pointers
//Pointer to an integer
After line 6
After line 4
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Arrays and pointers
 Consider the array
 int arr[4];
• The name of the array e.g. arr points to the first

element of the array. i.e. it holds the address of the
first elements
•  &arr[0] == (equals) arr
• Value(s) inside &arr[0] and arr are equal
• Value in &arr[0] is arr[0] and value inside arr is *arr
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Arrays and pointers
(a + 3)
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Arrays and pointers
Pointers can be used to alter the data of the array
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Pointers
 Pointer makes codes more efficient
 It makes code harder to understand
 It introduces what is called ugly bugs
 Pointer bugs can crash a programme randomly
hence difficult to debug
 Pointers are used to access memory addresses
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Pointers
 Pointers in C/C++ provide an alternative means of
accessing information stored in arrays, which is
especially valuable when working with strings. There
is an intimate link between arrays and pointers in C.
 C/C++ uses pointers to handle variable parameters
passed to functions.
 They are used to create dynamic data structures, those
that are built up from blocks of memory allocated from
the heap at run-time. This is only visible through the
use of pointers.
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The address operator (&)
 Example of usage scanf(“%d”, &n);
 The & sign indicates to the address in memory of
the integer n, which must be previously declared
using int n;
 Printing the address of a variable
◦ printf(“\n Address of i = %u”, &i);
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Declaring a pointer
 dataType *pointer_Variable
 Example char *ptr
 Meaning of some pointer type variable
declarations
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Storing address of variable
 #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 5;
int *ptr = &i;
printf(“\nThe address of i using
& sign is %p”, &i);
printf(“\nThe address of i using
Ptr is %p”, ptr);
return 0;
}
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Chapt. 3 Arrays and Strings

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< CENG 205 – Computer Programming for Engineers />

CENG 205 – COMPUTER

Array size must be a constant integer > 0

DataType arrayName [size];

 “I love EEE2 C programming”

• This one too works!

 Write a C program to find sum of two matrix of

 The transpose of is , where I and j are row and

Matrix must be a square matrix (m = n)

 For n x n matrix, where A

Data presented in tabular form

Different point can be declared based

Any variable declared to be of type struct personal_data

This structure variable Country This structure named country has

Usage: declaring a variable

 read, compute, write read, compute, write read,

Final memory stack

Final memory stack

• A normal variable ‘var’ has a

• The name of the array e.g. arr points to the first

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