LESSON 3:

Gender and Sexuality

as a Subject of Inquiry
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1 2 3
Define Gender Discuss it’s Historical Explain its
Studies; Origins; and imporatance in
Society.
 Direction: Match each term with the
Definition of appropriate response .
Terms: Gender Studies • the process of investigating social realities.

• the orientation in understanding social

realities. This can be qualitative
Ethics in Research (interpretative), quatitative (deductive), or
both.
• A field of study concerned about hyow
Research Approach reproductive roles are interpreted and
negotiated in the society through gender.

• these are considerations in conducting

Social Research research to make sure that the well-being
of the participants are ensured, and that the
outcome of the study is sound without
undue harm to people involved.
Definition of Gender Studies Research Approach

• A field of study concerned about • the orientation in understanding

hyow reproductive roles are
interpreted and negotiated in the
Terms:
society through gender.
social realities. This can be
qualitative (interpretative),
quatitative (deductive), or both.

Social Research Ethics in Research

• the process of investigating social • these are considerations in

realities. conducting research to make
sure that the well-being of the
participants are ensured, and that
the outcome of the study is
sound without undue harm to
people involved.
 Introduction
Gender Studies
- an area of knowledge; is about looking
into, analyzing, and examining society so that
we notice power relations in the seemingly
simple things.
It helps us see the issues in our everyday lives
through a different
• Gender is a biglens.
part of our individuality
and society; it is a form of social
organization, and it is often unnoticed.
• Gender roles played a big part of social
organization in different cultures and
different times in our history.
 Introduction
• Gender studies emerged from the need to
analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality
impact our lives, especially how it creates
gender
Gender inequality.
Role or Sex Role
- are "sets of culturally defined behaviors
such as masculinity and femininity" according
to the Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender
• These roles are not fixed such that the
(2019).
"culturally defined behaviors" for men and
women may be very different 50 years ago
or very different for people from other
countries or tribe.
 Introduction
• In a binary system of viewing gender roles,
we only see the male and the female where
men are expected to be masculine while
women are expected to be feminine.
• This is the norm or the accepted standards
of how to behave like a woman (mahinhin)
or how to behave like a man (matipuno/
matapang).
• In gender studies, we are asked to disrupt
and question these kinds of social
expectations, gender roles, and gender
 Activity
The following are common statements we hear from people. Reflect why you think people agree or disagree with the
statement. Reflect about your own thoughts too, do you agree or disagree with each statement? Why or why not?

STATEMENT WHY PEOPLE AGREE WHY PEOPLE DISAGREE

Boys should not cry.

Girls are bad drivers

while boys are superb
drivers.

Boys should not be

allowed to play dolls.
Women should be
prim and proper. It is
okay for men to be
rowdy, they are men
anyway.
 Introduction
Gender studies is not just for women or all
about women, it is about everyone.
• It explores how our gender roles have
changed throughout our history and how it
created inequalities.
• The society has changed so much since
then; the jobs available for everyone is not
so much dependent on physical strength,
making these jobs accessible to women as
well.
 Diversity and Inclusion
• Gender roles are socially constructed and are not something that we are "born
with.”
• Society, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands
behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations.
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people often do not fit in the traditional
binary gender roles so they are often reprimanded, bullied, and discriminated
 Diversity and Inclusion
Gender studies lets us analyze the creation and maintenance of these gender
norms so that it does not create inequalities in our social, political, and
economic spheres.
Gender Studies and
Research
As a subject of inquiry, Gender Studies utilizes a
systematic approach in identifying problems, making
hypotheses and assumptions, gathering data, and
making conclusions.
This systematic process is referred to as the research
process.
Approaches in Research
Gender and Sexuality cuts across a variety of issues that could be
biomedical, psychosocial, or political-legal, there is no singular way
in conducting the research process.
There are however a variety of approaches which can be used.

1. Qualitative Approach

2. Quantitative Approach
 Approaches in Research
1. Qualitative Approach
• focuses more on the meanings created and interpretations made
by people about their own personal or vicarious (observed)
experiences.
Methods of Qualitative Approach:
a. phenomenology - conducting intensive interviews with
individuals who have experienced a particular event and
understanding their "lived experience";
b. hermeneutics - understanding the meaning of texts (literary works,
art works) and what they convey about human realities; and
c. ethnography and ethnomethodology - immersing in a community
 Approaches in Research
2. Quantitative Approach
• focuses more on characterizing a population (total number of
individual in a group) or a sample (a sub-group within the
population), and in some cases, making generalizations about
the population based on the behavior of a sample.
Methods of Quantitative Approach:
a.survey - collecting information from a sample; and
b. experiment - creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people
in an experimental group (a group receiving treatment such as
training or a new experience) and comparing it to the behavior of
people in a control group (a group without any treatment).
Approaches in Research
In most cases, information from both qualitative and quantitative
approaches provide a holistic view about certain social realities,
such that there are researchers who prefer to use mixed methods
(combining qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data from
multiple sources).
Ethics in Gender and Sexuality
Research
There are some principles to remember in conducting gender and
sexuality researches. These principles are referred to as ethical
principles because they make sure that people involved in the
research are protected from harm.
Ethics is a prerequisite to a properly conducted study.
 Ethics in Gender and Sexuality
Research
1. Informed Consent
Researchers should make sure that the participants in the study are aware of the purpose and
processes of the study they are participating in. They should also ensure that only those
participants who agree (in writing) -will be included, and that they shall not force any
participant to join.
2. Conficentiality and Anonymity
Researchers should not reveal any information provided by the participants, much so, their
identity to anyone who are not concerned with the study. All data gathered from surveys or
interviews should also be placed in a secure location or filing system.
 Ethics in Gender and Sexuality
Research
3. Non-maleficence and Beneficence
A study should do no harm (non-maleficence) to anyone. Especially in researches involving
humans, a study should be beneficial (beneficence) for it to be worth implementing.

4. Distributive Justice
Any study should not disadvantage a particular group, especially the marginalized and the
oppressed (e.g., poor people, women,
LGBTQ+, the elderly). The benefits of a study should be for all.
Gender, Sexuality and Human
Ecology
Human Ecology, as a field, recognizes the interplay among
internal and external environments physical, socio-
economic, cultural (Bronfenbrenner 1994; Bubolz and
Sontag 1983). Hence, to look at realities from an ecological
perspective is to appreciate that human development across
lifespan is influenced by these environments. In the context
of gender and sexuality, a human ecological approach looks
at human sexual lives and experiences at various levels and
spheres of analysis. First, it sees gender and sexuality as an
S U M M A RY Gender, being male or female, has socially
constructed meanings, and it is different in every
culture and may change with time.
It is important to analyze how society enforce
gender roles on everyone so we can further
understand how power relations in gender roles
can limit an individual's freedom and promote
inequality. To help us have a holistic view, we
need to use frameworks and methods from
different disciplines- psychology, sociology,
medicine, and law- among others.
 LESSON 3: END...

Thank you for

listening!