Lecture No.

05 BSHND – 7 th

Course: Drug Nutrient Interactions(T)

Instructor: Dn. Daniyal Munir

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Who I am?
Dn. Daniyal Munir (MS/ M. Phil in Human Nutrition & Dietetics)
(Department of AHS, IQRA University Islamabad)
Email: daniyal.munir@iqrauni.edu.pk
Previous Employment
Informatics group of colleges Arifwala (HOD OF AHS)
GC University Faisalabad (Teaching Assistant)
United hospital Faisalabad (Clinical Nutritionist)
Children hospital Lahore. (Internee)

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Lecture Contents
Course introduction
 Overview
 Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics
 Nutrient Class
 Types of Drug-Nutrient Interactions
 Assessment of Drug-Nutrient Interactions

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Introduction

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 Topical and Transdermal Routes
Application of drugs to the skin or mucous membranes
Influencing Topical and Transdermal Route Selection:
Desired Effects: The need for local or systemic effects guides
route selection.
Medication Properties: Drug characteristics, such as molecular
weight and lipophilicity, impact skin penetration and
absorption.
Skin Condition: Skin condition affects drug absorption and
tolerance to patches.
Patient Preference: Patient comfort and preference influence
route selection.
Therapeutic Goals: Transdermal patches are beneficial for
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drugs that require prolonged, controlled release.
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Considerations
Skin Penetration: The effectiveness of the topical
route depends on the medication's ability to
penetrate the skin layers.
Limited Systemic Absorption: While intended for
local effects, some systemic absorption can occur,
leading to potential interactions or side effects.
Skin Irritation: Some medications might cause
skin irritation or allergies, affecting patient
comfort and compliance.
Patient Compliance: Patient adherence to
applying medications regularly can vary.

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 Transdermal Route
The transdermal route involves using patches or devices that release medications
into the bloodstream through the skin. This allows for systemic effects and
controlled drug delivery over time.
Patch Application: Proper patch application and adhesion are essential for
consistent drug delivery.
Limited to Certain Drugs: Not all medications are suitable for transdermal
delivery due to skin penetration limitations.
Skin Irritation: Some patients might experience skin irritation or allergies at the
patch application site.
Patch Removal: Careful patch removal is necessary to avoid skin damage and
irritation
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Advantages of Topical route
Localized Treatment: The topical route allows for targeted treatment of specific
skin areas without affecting the rest of the body.
Minimized Systemic Effects: Medications are primarily absorbed into the skin
layers, reducing the risk of systemic side effects.
Ease of Application: Topical medications are often easy to apply and suitable for
self-administration.
Reduced Metabolism: The skin can offer protection against rapid metabolism
and degradation of medications.

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 Advantages of Transdermal route
Controlled Drug Delivery: Transdermal patches provide controlled and sustained
drug release, maintaining therapeutic levels over an extended period.
Steady Blood Levels: The transdermal route helps achieve consistent blood
levels, reducing fluctuations and potential side effects.
Convenience: Transdermal patches offer ease of administration and eliminate
the need for frequent dosing.
Minimized First-Pass Metabolism: Medications bypass first-pass metabolism by
entering the bloodstream directly through the skin.

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Disadvantages of Topical route
Limited Depth of Penetration: The effectiveness of topical medications depends
on their ability to penetrate the skin layers. Some medications might not be able
to reach the intended target due to limited penetration.
Variable Absorption: Absorption through the skin can vary based on factors such
as skin condition, thickness, and blood flow. This variability can lead to
inconsistent drug levels and effects.
Risk of Systemic Absorption: While the topical route is intended for local effects,
some medications can be absorbed into the bloodstream, potentially leading to
systemic side effects or interactions.
Skin Sensitivity: Some patients might develop skin sensitivities, allergies, or
irritation as a result of using topical medications.
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 Disadvantages of Transdermal route
Limited to Certain Drugs: Not all medications can be effectively delivered via
transdermal patches. Drug properties, such as molecular size and lipophilicity, can limit
penetration through the skin.
Skin Irritation: Transdermal patches can cause skin irritation, redness, itching, or allergic
reactions at the application site.
Patch Adhesion: Proper patch adhesion is crucial for consistent drug delivery. Patches
that become detached might result in inadequate dosing.
Slow Onset of Action: The transdermal route generally provides a slower onset of action
compared to some other routes, such as intravenous or intramuscular administration.
Limited Dosage Range: Transdermal patches have limitations in terms of the range of
dosages that can be delivered through the skin.
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 Inhalation Route
Administration of drugs through inhalation.
Rapid absorption through the respiratory system.

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 Advantages of Inhalation route
Targeted Delivery: Inhalation allows medications to be directly delivered to the
lungs and airways, making it highly effective for treating respiratory conditions
such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory
infections.
Rapid Onset of Action: Inhalation provides rapid drug absorption and onset of
action, as the medication is delivered directly to the site of action without
needing to be absorbed through the digestive system.

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Disadvantages of Inhalation Route
Device Variability: Different types of inhalation devices are available, such as metered-
dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Proper training is essential to
ensure patients use the correct technique for each device.
Device Complexity: Some patients, particularly the elderly or those with cognitive
impairments, may struggle with using inhalation devices correctly.
Coordinated Inhalation: Effective inhalation requires proper coordination between
activating the device and inhaling, which can be challenging for some patients.
Local Irritation: Some patients may experience local irritation, coughing, or throat
irritation due to the direct contact of the medication with the respiratory tract.
Infections: Inhaled medications can potentially introduce infections if not used
properly or if devices are not cleaned regularly.
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Factors Influencing Route Selection

Drug properties (e.g., solubility, stability).

Patient factors (e.g., age, condition).
Therapeutic goals (e.g., rapid onset, sustained effect).

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Thank You !
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