Lecture No.

04 BSHND – 7 th

Course: Drug Nutrient Interactions(T)

Instructor: Dn. Daniyal Munir

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Who I am?
Dn. Daniyal Munir (MS/ M. Phil in Human Nutrition & Dietetics)
(Department of AHS, IQRA University Islamabad)
Email: daniyal.munir@iqrauni.edu.pk
Previous Employment
Informatics group of colleges Arifwala (HOD OF AHS)
GC University Faisalabad (Teaching Assistant)
United hospital Faisalabad (Clinical Nutritionist)
Children hospital Lahore. (Internee)

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Lecture Contents
Course introduction
 Overview
 Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics
 Nutrient Class
 Types of Drug-Nutrient Interactions
 Assessment of Drug-Nutrient Interactions

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Introduction

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 Importance of Drug Administration
Drug Absorption and Distribution: The route of drug
administration plays a crucial role in determining how a drug is
absorbed into the bloodstream and subsequently distributed to
target tissues. Different routes can result in varying rates and
levels of drug absorption. For example, intravenous
administration leads to rapid and complete drug absorption,
while oral administration may result in variable absorption due to
factors like digestive processes. The rate and extent of absorption
influence the drug's onset of action, therapeutic effectiveness,
and potential for adverse effects.

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Importance of Drug Administration
The method of drug delivery affects drug absorption, distribution, and
therapeutic effectiveness.
It impacts patient comfort, compliance, and safety.
2. Therapeutic Effectiveness: The chosen route of drug administration can directly
affect the drug's therapeutic effectiveness. For instance, the intravenous route
provides immediate access to the bloodstream, making it suitable for drugs that
require rapid action, such as in emergency situations. On the other hand,
transdermal or sustained-release formulations can provide a prolonged and steady
drug release, maintaining therapeutic levels over time.

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 Oral Route
Most common and convenient.
Drugs administered via the mouth.
Absorption mainly in the gastrointestinal tract

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Advantages of the Oral Route
Convenience: The oral route is widely used due to its convenience. Patients can self-
administer medications easily, which is particularly important for long-term treatments.
Non-Invasive: Oral administration doesn't require needles or injections, making it more
comfortable for many patients.
Self-Administration: Patients can take their medications at home, reducing the need for
frequent healthcare visits.
Gradual Drug Release: Oral medications are often formulated for controlled or
sustained release, providing a steady therapeutic effect over time.
Cost-Effective: Oral medications are generally less expensive compared to formulations
required for other routes.
Wide Availability: Many drugs are available in oral forms, offering a wide range of
treatment options.
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 Disadvantages of Oral Route
First-Pass Metabolism: Many orally administered drugs are absorbed through
the digestive system and then pass through the liver before entering the systemic
circulation. The liver can metabolize and inactivate a significant portion of the
drug before it reaches its target site, reducing the drug's bioavailability.
Delayed Onset of Action: Compared to other routes, such as intravenous or
inhalation, the onset of action for orally administered drugs can be slower. This
delay is due to the time required for the drug to be absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream.
Gastrointestinal Irritation: Some medications, particularly those that are acidic
or irritating, can cause gastrointestinal discomfort or irritation when taken orally.
This can lead to nausea, vomiting, or other gastrointestinal side effects.
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 Medications placed under the tongue (sublingual) or against the
cheek (buccal).
Sublingual and Bypass the digestive system, offering rapid absorption.
Buccal Routes Suitable for Nausea or Vomiting

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 Advantages of Sublingual and Buccal
Routes
Rapid Onset of Action: Medications absorbed through the sublingual mucosa
enter the bloodstream directly, leading to a rapid onset of action. This is
especially important for drugs that need to take effect quickly, such as those used
in emergencies.
Avoids First-Pass Metabolism: By bypassing the liver during the first-pass effect,
drugs absorbed sublingually have higher bioavailability compared to oral
administration. A larger portion of the drug reaches the systemic circulation
intact.
Suitable for Nausea or Vomiting: The sublingual route is beneficial when patients
are unable to swallow due to nausea, vomiting, or unconsciousness. This makes it
a useful option in situations where oral administration is challenging.
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Ease of Administration
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 Disadvantages of Sublingual and Buccal
Routes
Patient Compliance: Patients need to keep the medication under their tongue
until it is fully absorbed. This might be uncomfortable or inconvenient for some
individuals, leading to potential non-compliance.
Taste and Irritation: Some medications can have an unpleasant taste or cause
irritation when placed under the tongue, affecting patient acceptance and
adherence.
Local Effects Only: The sublingual route primarily provides systemic effects and
may not be suitable for delivering medications with localized action in the oral
cavity.

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 Parenteral Routes
Injection of drugs into the body through various routes
Intravenous (IV) Route
Intramuscular (IM) Route
Subcutaneous (SC) Route
Other Parenteral Routes:
Intradermal (ID) Route: Used for skin testing and certain diagnostic purposes.
Intra-arterial (IA) Route: Medications are delivered directly into an artery, often
for localized effects or specific medical procedures.

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Intravenous (IV) Route
Advantages:
 Immediate Onset: Medications administered intravenously have an almost immediate effect
as they enter the bloodstream directly.
 Precise Dosage Control: Healthcare professionals can precisely control the dosage and titrate
medications as needed.
 Suitable for Critical Conditions: IV administration is valuable in emergency situations where
rapid drug effects are crucial.
 Large Volume Delivery: Intravenous infusion allows for delivering larger volumes of fluids
and medications.
Considerations:
 Need for Medical Personnel: Intravenous administration requires trained healthcare
professionals to ensure proper insertion and minimize complications.
 Risk of Infection: Insertion of needles or catheters carries a risk of infection, requiring strict
aseptic techniques.
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Intramuscular (IM) Route
Advantages:
 Suitable for Sustained Release: Some medications are formulated for slow release from
muscle tissue.
 Larger Volume Delivery: Larger volumes of medications can be administered compared to
subcutaneous injections.
 Avoids First-Pass Metabolism: Absorption from muscles bypasses first-pass metabolism.
Considerations:
 Slower Onset than IV: While faster than oral administration, the onset of action with IM
injections is generally slower compared to IV.
 Injection Site Variability: Injection sites might affect drug absorption rates and patient
comfort.

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 Subcutaneous (SC) Route
Advantages:
 Steady Drug Release: Subcutaneous administration can provide sustained release effects for
some medications.
 Avoids First-Pass Metabolism: Absorption through subcutaneous tissue bypasses first-pass
metabolism.
 Suitable for Self-Administration: Some patients can self-administer subcutaneous injections.
Considerations:
 Slower Onset than IV: Onset of action is generally slower compared to IV administration.
 Volume Limitations: Subcutaneous injections are limited in volume compared to
intramuscular injections.

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 Advantages of Parenteral Routes
1. Rapid Onset of Action
2. Precise Dosage Control
3. Avoidance of First-Pass Metabolism
4. Suitable for Non-Compliant Patients
5. Large Volume Delivery
6. Controlled Absorption
7. Suitable for Patients with Gastrointestinal Issues
8. Emergency Situations:.
9. Flexible Route Selection

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Disadvantages of Parenteral Routes

Invasive and require skilled administration.

Risk of infection or tissue damage.
Limited to liquid medications.

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Thank You !
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