RESEARCH APTITUDE &

Research mEthodoLogy

17/4/24

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educational purpose and not for any
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 Research

“A careful investigation or inquiry specially

through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”
-The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
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 Meaning of Research
 Research is an endeavor to discover answers to
intellectual and practical problems through the
application of scientific method.
 Research is a systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.
 Research is a careful inquiry to discover new
information or relationships and to expand and to
verify existing knowledge.
 Research is the systematic process of collecting
and analyzing information in order to increase our
understanding of the phenomenon which we are
concerned or interested.
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 Objectives of Research

 To gain familiarity with new insights into a

phenomenon
 To accurately portray the features of a particular
individual, group or a situation
 To analyses the frequency with which something
occurs or its association with something else.
 To examine the Hypothesis of a casual relationship
between two variables

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 Features of Good Research

1. Originates with a question or problem

2. Requires clear articulation of a goal
3. Follows a specific plan or procedure
4. Often divides main problem into sub problems
5. Guided by specific hypothesis
6. Accepts certain critical assumptions
7. Requires collection and interpretation of data
8. Systematic and Logical
3. Empirical and Replicable
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Online Employment and Job
Market

Dr. Pushpalata Trimukhe 43

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 Step 1: Research
Problem
 Defining a research problem properly and
clearly is a crucial part of a research study.

 The techniques for the purpose involves

the undertaking of the following steps:
1. Statement of the problem in a general way
2. Understanding the nature of the problem
3. Surveying the available literature
4. Developing the ideas through discussions
5. Rephrasing the research problem into a working
proposition.

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 Step 2 : Literature
Review
 Once the problem is formulated, the researcher
should undertake extensive literature
connected with the problem.

 Why Literature Review?

1. Assist in refining statement of the problem
2. Strengthening the argument of the selection of
a research topic (Justification)
3. It helps to get familiar with various types of
methodology that might be used in the study
(Design)

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 Sources of Literature Review
 Books : Text Books, Monographs, Edited
Collections
 Journal Articles : Academic Journals,
Conference Proceedings
 Indexing and Abstracting Journal Search
Engines : Google Scholar
 Past Dissertations
 Vital Statistics : Census, Government Records,
Surveillance System, Surveys
 International Organizations Documents :
WHO, UNICEF
 Media : Newspaper, Magazines
 Internet
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 Step 3 : Formulate Hypotheses
 A hypothesis is a proposed explanation of r an
observable phenomenon which is capable of
being tested by scientific methods.
 For a researcher hypothesis is a formal
question that he intends to resolve.
 For example, consider a statement:

“Drug A is equally efficient as Drug B”

This is a hypothesis capable of being
objectively verified and tested.
 Hypothesis should be clear and precise,
capable of being tested, limited in scope,
simple in terms.

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 Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
 In the context of statistical analysis, we often
about null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis.

 Null Hypothesis is tested for possible rejection.

It is indicated by H0.

 Its rival hypothesis is called “Alternative

Hypothesis”. It is indicated by H1.

 A null hypothesis represents the hypothesis we

are trying to reject, and alternative hypothesis
represents all other possibilities or wishes to
prove. 50
 Step 4 : Research Design
 A research design is the arrangement for
collection and analysis of data in an manner
that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedure.

 It is an outline of what researcher will do from

writing the hypothesis and its operational
implications to the final analysis of data.

 Research Design includes blueprint for the

collection, measurement and analysis of data.

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 Step 5 : Data Collection
 The data task of data collection begins after a
research problem has been defined and research
design chalked out.

 There are two types of data:

 1. PRIMARY DATA are those which are collected a
fresh and for the first time and therefore to be
original in character. Data collection methods are
Observation, Personal Interview, Questionnaire,
Case Study Method, Survey Method, etc.

2. SECONDARY DATA are those which have been

collected by someone else and which have already
been passed through the statistical process. 53
 Step 6 : Data Analysis
 Data Analysis is important to answer the
research questions and to help determine the
trends and relationships among the variables.

 Data Analysis is a procedure of editing, coding

and tabulating data.

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 Steps in Data Analysis
 Before Data Collection, the researcher should
accomplish the following:
1. Determine the method of data analysis
2. Determine how to process the data
3. Consult a statistician
4. Prepare dummy tables
 After Data Collection :
1. Process the data
2. Prepare tables and graphs
3. Analyse and interpret findings
4. Consult again the statistician
5. Prepare for editing
6. Prepare for presentation 55
 Step 7 : Interpretation and
Report Writing
 Interpretation refers to the task of drawing
inferences from the collected facts after an
analytical and experimental study.

 Interpretation is the process of making in the

sense of numerical data that has been
collected, analyzed and presented.

Techniques of Interpretation:
1. Explanations
2. Extraneous Information
3. Guidance
4. Relevant Factors
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 Research Report
 A Research Report is a document giving
summarized and interpretative information of
research done based on factual data, opinions
and about procedure used by the individual or
group.
 A Research Report is a recorded data prepared
by researchers after analyzing information
gathered by conducting organized research.
 A Research Report generally, but not always
have actionable recommendations such as
investment ideas that investors can act upon,
recommendations on any act or law on which
government can take action, policy decisions
that are practically applicable, etc.
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 Layout of Research Report
 Preliminary Pages
 Main Text
A. Introduction
B. Statement of findings and recommendations
C. Results
D. Implications of the results
E. Summary

 End Matter

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 Meaning of Research
Methodology
 Research Methodology is the way in which
research problems are solved systematically.
 Research Methodology is science of studying how
research is conducted scientifically.
 Research Methodology is the use of methods that
the researcher adopts for conducting the research
studies.

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RESEARCH ETHICS

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Thank
You. 66