Radiation protection

Radiation protection
• The basic principle of radiation protection is ALARA
(as low as.Reasonably achievable )
• And the other three protective measure for
radiation protection is.
• Time
• Distance
• Shielding
• Time :Time” simply refers to the amount of time
you spend near a radioactive source. Minimize your
time near a radioactive source to only what it takes
to get the job done.
• Distance :Maximize your distance from a
radioactive source as much as possible.
• If you increase your distance from a radiation source, you
will decrease your dose.
• Shielding:for radiation sources (i.e., placing an
appropriate shield between source(s) of radiation
and workers). Inserting the proper shielding (e.g.,
lead, concrete, or special plastic shields depending
on the type of radiation) between a worker and a
radiation source will greatly reduce or eliminate the
dose received by the worker.
• Examples of commonly used PPE for radiation
protection from X-rays and gamma rays include:
• Lead aprons or vests. Wearing lead aprons can
reduce a worker's radiation dose.
• Lead thyroid collar. A lead thyroid collar offers
additional radiation protection for the thyroid (a
gland located in front of the neck) that is
particularly sensitive to radiation.
• Lead gloves. Lead-lined gloves offer some
protection for workers from radiation exposure to
the hands and should be used for some X-ray
equipment if hands must be placed in the direct X-
ray field.
• Safety goggles. Leaded eye wear (lead glasses or
radiation glasses) or opaque safety goggles can
protect a worker's eyes from radiation exposure.
• Protective barriers
Protection devices that are place
inside the tube
• Filtration: aluminum or copper
• Collimation: restricted the x -ray beamto
that part of body that imaged .
• Intensifying screen:decrease the patient
radiation dose .
Dosimeter:
A dosimeter is an instrument used to measure
ionizing radiation exposure (via alpha or beta
particles, neutrons, gamma rays, or x-rays) .
There are two types of personal dosimeters:
• film "badges,"
• TLDs (thermoluminescent dosimeters)
• Dosimeter. TLD. Film badge
Radiation measurement unit
• Exposure : air kerma (Gya)
• Absorbed dose : gray (GYt )
• Effective dose : sievert (sv)
• Radiaoactivity :becquerel (Bq)
Mamography
• Mammography is the process of using low-energy
X-rays to examine the human breast for diagnosis
and screening. The goal of mammography is the
early detection of breast cancer, typically through
detection of characteristic masses or
microcalcifications.
• Mamogram :A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray of
breast tissue.
Mamography machine.
Types of mamography
• Screening mamography:Screening tests are
intended for asymptomatic (showing no or
disguised symptoms) people.
• Diagnostic mamography : diagnostic tests are
intended for those showing symptoms in need of a
diagnosis.
Views for mamography
• A standard screening mammogram includes
CC and MLO views of each breast.
• Craniocudal and mediolateral obliqu .
• Other views are used to evaluate abnormalities
or possible abnormalities seen on
mammograms.
• Other angles of rotation from 0 degrees (CC) to
90 degrees (ML or LM)
• Mediolateral (ML) and Lateromedial (LM):
• Magnification views (Mag): small area or whole breast.
Increases fine detail but is more susceptible to motion.
Obtained by increasing distance from breast to receptor
plate. Use for visualizing calcifications and margins of
small masses.
• Focal (cone) compression: small paddle used to compress
overlying tissue away from area of interest
• Extended CC view (XCC): to see axillary or far lateral tissue
• Tangential views: put the skin or an abnormality in
tangential to the xray beam to aid localization - e.g. of skin
calcifications