Physiology of Nervous System

NERVE IMPULSE
Kylle Christine L. Castuya
Reporter
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Understand the nature of nerve impulse,

2. We’ll learn what is the function of nerve impulse,
3. What is the resting potential of a neuron, and how is it maintained?
4. Explain how and why an action potential occur.
5. What does the myelin sheath do?
6. Saltatory conduction
 Physiology of the Nerve Impulse

an electrical signal that travels along a

nerve fiber in response to a stimulus and
serves to transmit a record of sensation
from a receptor or an instruction to act
WHAT IS to an effector
NERVE
IMPULSE?
 Function of Nerve Impulse
Nerve impulse are signals that carried along the nerve
fibers. The signals convey, to the spinal cord and brain,
information about the body and about the outside
world. They communicate among centers in the Central
Nervous System and they command your muscle to
move.
Resting Potential

When the neuron is NOT ACTIVELY transmitting a nerve pulse, it is a resting state,
ready to transmit a nerve impulse. During the resting state, the sodium-potassium
pump maintains a difference in charge across the cell membrane of the neuron.
Action Potential
An action potential is also called as NERVE IMPULSE, is an electrical charge that travels along the
membrane of the neuron. It can be generated when a neuron’s membrane potential is changed by
chemical signals from nearby cell. In an action potential, the cell membrane potential changes quickly
from negative to positive as sodium ion flows in the cell through ion channels, while the potassium
ions flow out of the cell.
Depolarized
The change in membrane potential results in the cell becoming DEPOLARIZED. An action potential works
on all-or-nothing basis. That is, the membrane potential has to reach a certain level of depolarization,
called the THRESHOLD, otherwise, an action will not start. This threshold potential varies but is generally
about 15 millivolts (mV) more positive than the cell’s resting membrane potential. If the membrane
depolarization does not reach the threshold level, an action potential will not happen. (You can see in the
figure that the two depolarizations did not reach the threshold level of -55Mv.
Repolarization

Potassium ion open, allowing the potassium to flow out of the cell, which ends the action potential.
The inside of the membrane becomes negative again. This is called repolarization of the
membrane. Both the ion channels then close, and the sodium-potassium pump restore the resting
potential of -70 mV. The action potential will move down the axon toward the synapse like a wave
would move along the surface of water .
Refractory period

During the refractory period, another action potential cannot be generated. The
nerve goes through a brief refractory period before racing resting potential.
Everything is moving back into their rightful place.
Conduction
velocity and
Myelination
 What does the myelin sheath do?
 It’s a fatty-protein coating provides protective insulation for your nerve cell,
like the plastic insulation covering the encases the wires of the electrical
cord.

 It allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one
nerve cell to the next.

 It maintains the strength of the impulse message as it travels down the axon.
In myelinated neurons, ion flows occur only in the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action
potential signal “jumps” along the axon membrane from node to node rather than spreading
smoothly along the membrane, as they do in axons that do not have a myelin sheath. This is due
to a clustering of Na+ and K+ ion channels at the nodes of Ranvier. Unmyelinated axons do not
have nodes of Ranvier, and ion channels in these axons are spread over the entire membrane
surface.
Saltatory Conduction
- Is a type of conduction which only occurs when the action potential jumps
from one node to another. This is because of the axon being myelinated. The
result is an increase in the conduction velocity.
 Vocabulary time!
Put the letters in the correct order to complete the word shown beside the illustration

E N R N U O
 Nervous system facts quiz

The nervous system has special cells called…

Neurons
Neurons Brains
Brains Nerves
Nerves
Thank
you!!!
 Anatomy of the neuron

Cell body Axon Terminal

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
 Fun facts about the nervous system

Size of the brain Highway of nerves

Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures

Energy of the brain Your skull rocks

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings
 Nervous system vocabulary

Crisis Cell division Membranes

Mars is actually a very cold Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
place temperatures planet from the Sun

Impulses Bacteria Nerves

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest planet
planet to the Sun several rings of them all
Awesome
words
 “This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can make
the reader get inspired.”
—Someone
—Someone Famous
Famous
A picture always
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 Parts of a neuron
Cell body
Saturn is a gas giant and
Dendrites has several rings

Mars is actually a very

cold place
Axon
Venus has extremely
high temperatures
Nucleus
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Terminal
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
86 billion
Big
Bignumbers
numberscatch
catchyour
youraudience’s
audience’sattention
attention
200
200 mph
mph
Jupiter's rotation period

1.58
1.58 sec
sec
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

18
18 inches
inches
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 Number of neurons

Motor neurons 25%

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest of them all

Afferent neurons 50%

Venus has a beautiful name and it’s the
second planet from the Sun

Interneurons 75%
Despite being red, Mars is actually a
very cold place
AApicture
picture isis worth
worth aa
thousand
thousand words
words
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Brain disorders in the world

Disorders
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
 Discoveries about the nervous system
Venus is the second planet Despite being red, Mars is
from the Sun a very cold place

1xxx 2xxx

1xxx 2xxx
Mercury is the closest Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun planet of them all
 Autonomic vs. somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system
Involuntary Voluntary

Mars is actually a very cold place Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus has extremely high temperatures

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Neptune is very far away from the Sun
 Nervous system activity
36% 30%

Digestion Movement
Mercury is small Venus is very hot

19% 15%

Immune system Thinking

Earth has life Neptune is cold

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 Building a neuron
Order the elements on the right to build a neuron. See the example on the left
 Brain maze
Can you get out of the brain maze? Use the arrows to mark the way out
 The bones rocks!
Which bone protects the brain? Place the brain on top of its proper place

Skull Pelvis Ribcage

 Matching words
Match the illustration with the correct words by dragging the lines

Neuron
Neuron Skull
Skull Brain
Brain Medicine
Medicine
 Building the brain
Let's build the brain! Drag and drop each part of the brain in its corresponding spot
 Our team

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