Road Construction &

Maintenance Plus Road Survey

& Design Training

Tshering Tobgyel
Lecturer
CST, R/ding
 Typical Pavement Layers

Wearing course or surface

Base course

Subbase
Stone soling
Subgrade
-Compacted or Stabilized
-Natural
 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
Painting two coats with bitumen emulsion
(coat 1 - 12 kg emulsion and 0.1 cu.m, 12
mm aggregates per 10 sq.m, coat 2 - 1.6 kg
emulsion 0.06 cu.m, 10 mm aggregates per
10 sq.m) complete, p/107, bsr RW0151, @
157.66/sqm
Note: Dimension provided are in m,mm and cm
Providing seal coat with bitumen emulsion using 1.3 kg of
emulsion and 0.80 cu.m stone aggregate of 10mm per 10 sq.m of
road surface complete, p/107,bsr RW0157, 79.36/sqm
50mm thick with 6.0 cu.m of aggregate 10mm nominal size
per 100 sq.m using 96 kg of emulsion of approved quality
per cu.m of stone aggregate (Mechanized), RW0154, p/107,
324/sqm
Providing and laying wet mix macadam graded aggregate
base course to required degree of compaction with proper
formation of cross fall by using well graded crushed
aggregates premixed with OMC using suitable mixer, motor
grader as per material gradation and a aggregates quality
specified. p/106, RW0131 @2244.03/cum
SM0071 Providing and laying Chisel dressed dry stone
soling p/55, bsr SM0071, 1959.86/cum
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
 NOMENCLATURE FOR COMMON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

Bituminous Concrete
Flexible Pavement Surface dressing
Tack Coat
Dense bitumen macadam Surface course
Kerb
Prime coat Base dressing

Pavement
Wet mix macadam
Granular Sub-base Sub-Base
Subgrade Formation Level
Embankment
Natural Formation
Original ground level
Figure : Cross Section of Pavement
Carriage way Road Detail Estimate
1) Earthwork = 1000 x 12 x 0.7 =8400cum
2) GSB = 1000 x 7 x 0.25 =1750 cum
3) WMM = 1000 x 7 x 0.20 =1400 cum
4) DBM = 1000 x 7 x 0.60 =4200 cum
5) BC = 1000 x 7 x 0.25 =1750 cum
Shoulder
6) WMM = 1000 x (1.9+1.6) x 0.40 =1400 cum
7) WBM II = 1000 x (1.9+1.6) x 0.075 =262.5 cum
8) WBM III = 1000 x (1.9+1.6) x 0.075 =262.5 cum Refer p/105, RW0123 @7.56/sqm
Back filling
9) Back = 1000 x (1.9+1.6) x 0.7 =1050 cum
Drain
10) V shaped drain (0.45x0.9) = 1000m
Refer p/103 ,RE0006 @ 162.02/cum
Refer p/106, RW0130 @ 1597.56/cum
Refer p/106, RW0131 @ 2244.03/cum
Refer p/106, RW0133 @ 534.75/sqm
Refer p/106, RW0139 @ 272.63/sqm
Refer p/106, RW0131 @ 2244.03/cum Abstract of Cost
Refer p/105, RW0123 @7.56/sqm
Refer p/37 EW0197 @ 214.11/cum
Refer p/105, RW0107 @ 25.48/m
Total=?
 Hill Road

http://pcc.bt/downloads/bhutan-schedule-rates-2021

Figure : Cross Section of Pavement

Refer p/103 ,RE0006 @ 162.02/cum
 Classification of Road
1. National Highway
• Asian Highway – Phuentshogling-Thimphu (AH48)
• Primary National Highway (PNH)
• Secondary National Highway (SNH)
2. Dzongkhag Roads
3. Farm Roads
4. Thromde Roads
5. Access Road
 Classification of Road
1. National Highway
• Asian Highway – Phuentshogling-Thimphu (AH48)
The Phuentshogling-Thimphu Highway is designated by the Royal Government as the Asian
Highway route No.48 within Bhutan. The design standards for the Asian Highway
specified in the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network are
equivalent to the design standards of Primary National Highway (PNH)

• Primary National Highway (PNH)

PNHs are roads of strategic importance carrying high traffic volume. It should be the
shortest possible route between two designated points and provide width for two lanes of
traffic.
 Classification of Road
1. National Highway
• Secondary National Highway (SNH)
SNHs are those roads that:
• connect a Dzongkhag center to a road of equal or higher classification;
• provide connectivity between two Dzongkhag centers.

It should be the shortest route between two designated points and provide width for two lane
traffic. The formation width of SNH will 8.5 m. The existing District Roads will be re-designated as
SNHs

DoR will be solely responsible for planning and implementation of AH, PNH and SNH. DoR shall also
be the authority for development of the national road network with full authority to set technical
standards for all classes of roads and bridges, including re-classification of roads, as and when it is
necessary to match the socio-economic development of the country.
All AHs, PNHs and SNHs shall have necessary safety measures including road signs and guardrails as
per the DoR standards.
 Classification of Road
2. Dzongkhag Roads
The Dzongkhag Road will be one that:
•connects a Dzongkhag Centre and an Integrated Gewog Centre/Gewog Administration Office;
•connects a Dzongkhag Centre and a Dungkhag Centre not otherwise designated as AH, PNH,
SNH;
•connects a Dungkhag Centre with another Dungkhag Centre within the Dzongkhag not
otherwise designated as AH, PNH, SNH;
•connects a Dungkhag Centre with a Gewog Centre/Gewog Administration Office;
•connects an Integrated Gewog Centre/Centres to an existing road of equal or higher
classification.
Planning, prioritization and budgeting of the Dzongkhag Roads will be done by respective
Dzongkhag Tshogdu
 Classification of Road
3. Farm Roads
• Farm Roads are roads that link farmland areas/villages to an existing road of equal or higher
classification to enable the transportation of inputs to the farm and agriculture produce to
the market. Like other higher classes of roads, construction of Farm Roads should be
inclusive of cost of appropriate bridges.
• Prioritization/selection of Farm Roads will be done by the Gewog Tshogde based on the
criteria set by the Department of Agriculture (DoA). The design standards for Farm Roads will
be set by DoR in consultation with MoA. See Annex-1 for proposed design standards for
Farm Roads.

Due to the limited capacity of the Gewog Administration, the Dzongkhag Administration will
carry out pre-investment studies, geotechnical investigations, survey, design and
procurement for Farm Roads with technical backstopping from DoA.
Planning, prioritization, budgeting and implementation of Farm Roads will be done by the
respective Gewogs with technical backstopping from Dzongkhag Administration/DoA.
 Classification of Road
4. Access Road
• Access Roads are roads listed below
Forest Roads, Health Roads, Education Roads, Telecommunications Roads, Power Roads,
Private Road, Project Road & Public Road
• Design standards for Access Roads Technical backstopping such as provision of design standards
and specifications for Access Roads will be provided by DoR in consultation with the concerned
agencies.
• Design and take off point for access roads shall be approved by the Department of Roads.
• Access Roads should be constructed to a minimum of Farm Road standard.

Responsibilities for Access Roads

Pre-investment studies, geological investigation, survey, design, procurement, construction, and
maintenance of Access Roads will be done by the agencies/communities/individuals concerned.
 Classification of Road
5. Thromde Road
• Thromde road means all types of roads located within the municipal boundary not otherwise
designated as AH, PNH and SNH. Roads located within the municipal boundaries shall be
governed by the rules and regulations of the concerned municipality. Responsibilities for
Access Roads
• Thromde Roads will be executed either by the Thromde or Dzongkhag Administration
wherever relevant including maintenance. Design standards for Thromde Roads will be set
by DES in consultation with DoR.
 Road Features
1. Asian Highway (AH) & Primary National Highway (PNH)
ROW = 30 m
10.50 m
Formation Width
1.00 m
Shoulder
7.50 m
Carriageway 1.00 m
L-drain

DBM + AC

Remaining Width for

Debris collection

Soling
Base course BC 40mm)
Sub base
Hard shoulder
Compacted granular soil

Primary National Highway

 Road Features
2. Secondary National Highway (SNH)

ROW = 30 m

8.50 m
Formation Width

1.00 m 5.50 m 1.00 m

Shoulder Carriageway Drain
25mm PMC

Remaining Width for

Debris collection

Soling
Base course
Sub base
Hard shoulder
Compacted granular soil

Secondary National Highway

 Road Features
3. Dzongkhag Roads (DR)

ROW = 20 m
6.50 m
Formation Width

3.50 m 1.00 m
1.00 m Carriageway
Shoulder Drain
(incl. parapet)

Remaining Width for

Base course Debris collection
Sub base
Hard shoulder
Compacted granular soil

Dzongkhag / GC Road
 Road Features
4. Farm Roads (FR)

ROW = 12.2 m

5.10 m
Formation Width
Carriageway
0.50m 0.50m 0.60m
3.50m L-drain
Shoulder Shoulder
(incl. parapet)

Base course
Sub base Soling
Hard shoulder
Compacted granular soil
Farm Road
 Road Features
5. Access Roads (AR) (Minimum Requirement)

4.00 m
Formation Width

3.00 m 0.50 m
0.50 m Carriageway
Shoulder Drain

Base course
Sub base
Hard shoulder
Compacted granular soil

Access Road
If a road specification is mistaken
it will lead to failure shown in the
figure provided in the next slide
Pavement Failure
These are cracks in a
flexible pavement overlay of
a rigid pavement (i.e.,
asphalt over concrete). They
occur directly over the
underlying rigid pavement
joints. Joint reflection
cracking does not include
reflection cracks that occur
away from an underlying
joint or from any other type
of base (e.g., cement or lime
stabilized).

Joint Reflection Cracks

Pavement Failure
Slippage cracks are crescent-
shaped cracks or tears in the
surface layer(s) of asphalt
where the new material has
slipped over the underlying
course. This problem is
caused by a lack of bonding
between layers. This is often
because a tack coat was not
used to develop a bond
between the asphalt layers or
because a prime coat was not
used to bond the asphalt to the
underlying stone base course.
The lack of bond can be also
caused by dirt, oil, or other
contaminants preventing
adhesion between the layers.

Slippage Cracks
Pavement Failure
Small, bowl-shaped
depressions in the pavement
surface that penetrate all the
way through the asphalt layer
down to the base course. They
generally have sharp edges
and vertical sides near the top
of the hole. Potholes are the
result of moisture infiltration
and usually the end result of
untreated alligator cracking.
As alligator cracking becomes
severe, the interconnected
cracks create small chunks of
pavement, which can be
dislodged as vehicles drive
over them. The remaining
hole after the pavement chunk
is dislodged is called a
pothole.

Pot Holes
Pavement Failure

Depressions are localized

pavement surface areas with
slightly lower elevations
than the surrounding
pavement. Depressions are
very noticeable after a rain
when they fill with water.

Depressions (bird baths)

Pavement Failure
Ruts in asphalt pavements
are channelized depressions
in the wheel-tracks. Rutting
results from consolidation or
lateral movement of any of
the pavement layers or the
subgrade under traffic. It is
caused by insufficient
pavement thickness; lack of
compaction of the asphalt,
stone base or soil; weak
asphalt mixes; or moisture
infiltration.

Rutting
Pavement Failure
Shoving is the formation of
ripples across a pavement.
This characteristic shape is
why this type of distress is
sometimes called wash-
boarding. Shoving occurs at
locations having severe
horizontal stresses, such as
intersections. It is typically
caused by: excess asphalt;
too much fine aggregate;
rounded aggregate; too soft
an asphalt; or a weak
granular base.

Shoving
Pavement Failure

Upheaval is a localized
upward movement in a
pavement due to swelling of
the subgrade. This can be
due to expansive soils that
swell due to moisture or
frost heave (ice under the
pavement).

Upheaval
Pavement Failure
Raveling is the on-going
separation of aggregate
particles in a pavement from
the surface downward or
from the edges inward.
Usually, the fine aggregate
wears away first and then
leaves little "pock marks" on
the pavement surface. As
the erosion continues, larger
and larger particles are
broken free and the
pavement soon has the
rough and jagged
appearance typical of
surface erosion.

Raveling (very porous asphalt)