FORMALISM

APPROACH
• Overall, a formalist approach emphasizes the artistic and technical aspects of
a work of art, rather than its social or historical context. It is concerned with
how the work is constructed and how its various elements work together to
create meaning and effect.
• A formalist critic examines the form of the work as a whole, the form of each
individual part of the text (the individual scenes and chapters), the characters,
the settings, the tone, the point of view, the diction, and all other elements of
the text which join to make it a single text.
ELEMENTAL THE MOVIE
MORALISTIC APPROACH
• A moralistic approach focuses individuals, couples, families, and
professionals on a moralistic definition of relationship, life, and family
processes that presumes a moral ascendancy of one value system over
others.
What is moralistic approach in literary criticism?
• MORALISTIC APPROACH – A tendency—rather than a recognized school—within
literary criticism to judge literary works according to moral rather than formal principles.
– Judging literary works by their ethical teachings and by their effects on readers
MARXIST APPROACH
• A very basic principle of the Marxist theory is the theory of class division of
society and class struggle. According to it, each society has the oppressors and
the oppressed and the oppressed are eventually bound to revolt and build a new
society and economy.
• A very basic principle of the Marxist theory is the theory of class division of society and
class struggle. According to it, each society has the oppressors and the oppressed and the
oppressed are eventually bound to revolt and build a new society and economy.
 OPRESSOR VS. SUPPRESSOR

• 'Oppressive' often relates to external conditions or situations that exert a harsh, unjust
burden on an individual's mental well-being. 'Suppressive', on the other hand, usually
refers to internal attempts to control or minimize the expression of emotions or
symptoms.
• Oppression: Oppression refers to harsh and unfair treatment of an individual or a group of
people. Suppression: Suppression refers to putting an end to something by force.
FEMINIST APPROACH

• FEMINIST APPROACH
• The feminist approach requires supporting the voice, agency and empowerment of
women and girls in all their diversity and others who face discrimination or
marginalization
HISTORICAL APPROACH

• HISTORICAL APPROACH
• Literature is seen both as reflection and product of the times and circusmstances in which it
was written. It operates on the premise that the history of a nation has telling effects on its
literature and that the piece can be better understood and appreciated if one knows the times
surounding its creation.
• This approach “seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and
intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist’s
biography and milieu.” A key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect of a
literary work upon its original readers.
READER RESPONSE APPROACH

• READER-RESPONSE APPROACH
• Reader response criticism is a literary theory that focuses on the individual reader's
experience and interpretation of a text. It asserts that the meaning of a text is not fixed
and objective but rather subjective and dependent on the reader's interpretation and
response to it.