Project

On
Statistics
Presented By:
Saket Goyal
Class 10th A
Roll No. 39
Presented To:
Geetika Arora Mam
Introduction
• The science of statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of data. We see and use data in our everyday lives. In
statistics, we generally want to study a population. You can think of a
population as a collection of persons, things, or objects under study. To
study the population, we select a sample. For example, if we consider one
math class to be a sample of the population of all math classes, then the
average number of points earned by students in that one math class at the
end of the term is an example of a statistic. The statistic is an estimate of a
population parameter. A parameter is a number that is a property of the
population. Since we considered all math classes to be the population,
then the average number of points earned per student over all the math
classes is an example of a parameter.
Terms Related To Statistics
Population:
In statistics, we generally want to study a population. You can think of a
population as a collection of persons, things, or objects under study. To
study the population, we select a sample.
Sample:
The idea of sampling is to select a portion, or subset, of the larger
population and study that portion—the sample—to gain information about
the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population.
Because it takes a lot of time and money to examine an entire population,
sampling is a very practical technique. If you wished to compute the overall
grade point average at your school, it would make sense to select a sample
of students who attend the school. The data collected from the sample
would be the students' grade point averages.
Terms Related To Statistics Contd….
Variable:
A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or
measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Variables may
describe values like weight in pounds or favorite subject in school. Numerical variables take
on values with equal units such as weight in pounds and time in hours.
Parameter:
A parameter is a numerical characteristic of the whole population that can be
estimated by a statistic. Since we considered all math classes to be the
population, then the average number of points earned per student over all the
math classes is an example of a parameter.
Data:
Data are the actual values of the variable. They may be numbers or they may
be words. Datum is a single value.
Example:
• An insurance company would like to determine the proportion of all medical doctors who
have been involved in one or more malpractice lawsuits. The company selects 500 doctors
at random from a professional directory and determines the number in the sample who
have been involved in a malpractice lawsuit.
• The population is all medical doctors listed in the professional directory.
• The parameter is the proportion of medical doctors who have been involved in one or
more malpractice suits in the population.
• The sample is the 500 doctors selected at random from the professional directory.
• The statistic is the proportion of medical doctors who have been involved in one or more
malpractice suits in the sample.
• The variable X = the number of medical doctors who have been involved in one or more
malpractice suits.
• The data are either: yes, was involved in one or more malpractice lawsuits; or no, was
not.
Grouped Frequency Distribution of 5
different crops of Punjab
Gross Cropped Area for different Crops of Punjab

Wheat 40.49 ,41.58, 43.63, 42.92, 44.31, 44.57, 44.72, 44.53, 44.63, 44.69, 44.72,

Rice 6.87 ,17.49, 26.86 ,32.89, 33.15, 34.57 ,35.58 ,35.85 ,35.61 ,36.20, 36.30

Cotton 6.99, 9.60, 9.34, 5.97 ,7.69, 6.66 ,6.49, 6.13, 6.52, 6.11, 6.13

Maize 9.77, 5.65, 2.51, 2.08, 1.96, 1.91, 1.76 ,1.69, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67

Potato
0.30, 0.59, 0.31, 0.75, 1.14, 1.04, 1.05, 0.81, 0.89, 1.02, 1.01
Source: Statistical Abstract, Punjab
 Wheat

Range Frequency Cf m fm
40-41 1 1 40.5 40.5
41-42 1 2 41.5 41.5
42-43 1 3 42.5 42.5
43-44 1 4 43.5 43.5
44-45 7 11 44.5 311.5
479.5

Mean = ∑fm/∑f =
Mode = L + (fm−f1)h /(fm−f1)+(fm−f2) = 44.5+(7-1)x1/((7-1)+(7-0)) =44.96
 Frequency Distribution of Gross Cropped Area for Wheat

1 1 1 1

40-41 41-42 42-43 43-44 44-45

 Rice

Range Frequency cf m fm

5-15 1 1 10 10

15-25 1 2 20 20

25-35 4 6 30 120

35-45 5 11 40 200

11 360

Mean = ∑fm/∑f =
Mode = L + (fm−f1)h /(fm−f1)+(fm−f2) =33.94
 Frequency Distribution of Gross Cropped Area for Rice

1 1

10 To 15 15-25 25-35 35-45

 Cotton
Mean = ∑fm/∑f = 77.5/11= 7.045
Mode = L + (fm−f1)h /(fm−f1)+(fm−f2) = 7.85

Range Frequency cf M fm

5-6 1 1 5.5 5.5

6-7 7 8 6.5 45.5

7-8 1 9 7.5 7.5

8-9 0 9 8.5 0

9-10 2 11 9.5 19

11 77.5
 Frequency Distribution of Gross Cropped Area for Cotton

1 1

5 to 6 6 to 7 7 to 8 09
8 to 9 to 10
Maize
Mean = ∑fm/∑f = 28.5/11= 2.59
Mode = L + (fm−f1)h /(fm−f1)+(fm−f2) =2.82

Range Frequency cf M fm

0-3 9 9 1.5 13.5

3-6 1 10 4.5 4.5

6-9 0 10 7.5 0

9-12 1 11 10.5 10.5

11 28.5
 Frequency Distribution of Gross Cropped Area for Maize

1 1

0 To 3 3 To 6 6 To
0 9 9 To 12
Potato
Mean = ∑fm/∑f = 9.7511= .886
Mode = L + (fm−f1)h /(fm−f1)+(fm−f2) = 1.26

Range Frequency cf m fm

0-.5 2 2 .25 .50

.5-1 4 6 .75 3

1-1.5 5 11 1.25 6.25

1.5-2 0 11 1.75 0

11 9.75
 Frequency Distributi on of Gross Cropped Area for Potato
12

11

10

4
4

2
2

0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0

Range Frequency