HOW TO WRITE THE

RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
SECTION OF THE PAPER ?

Presented to Dr/ Mahmoud Abdelaziz

Presented by Eng/ Mahmoud Mohamed saad
CONTENT
1. What not to include in your Result section
2. Components of Results section
3. What not to include in your discussion section
4. Steps to write discussion section
5. Captioning and Referencing Tables and Figures
6. Steps to write Result section
WHAT IS RESULT AND DISCUSSION SECTION

It presents these findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation from the
author, setting up the reader for later interpretation and evaluation in the Discussion
section
Many students struggle with the differences between a discussion section and a
results section.
results sections should present your results, and your
discussion section should subjectively evaluate them.
Try not to blend elements of these two sections, in order to keep your paper sharp.
COMPONENTS OF RESULTS SECTION
1. Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures
(may be placed into the text or on separate pages at the end of the manuscript)

2. A contextual analysis of this data explaining its meaning in sentence form

A. All data that corresponds to the central research question(s)
B. All secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)

Key findings
contextual analysis
secondary findings

Charts Figures Tables

WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE IN YOUR DISCUSSION SECTION

There are a few common mistakes to avoid when writing the discussion section of your paper.
•Don’t introduce new results: You should only discuss the data that you have already reported in your
results section.
•Don’t make inflated claims: Avoid overinterpretation and speculation that isn’t directly supported by
your data.
•Don’t undermine your research: The discussion of limitations should aim to strengthen your
credibility, not emphasize weaknesses or failures

Don’t

introduce make inflated undermine

new results: claims your research
STEP 1 :-
Consult the guidelines or instructions that
the target journal or publisher provides
authors and read research papers it has
published, especially those with similar
topics, methods, or results to your study
STEP 2 :-
Consider your research results in relation
to the journal’s requirements and
catalogue your results.
STEP 3 :- STEPS TO WRITE
Design figures and tables to present and
illustrate your data. RESULT SECTION
STEP 4 :-
Draft your Results section using the
findings and figures you have organized.
STEP 5 :-
Review your draft; edit and revise until it
reports results exactly as you would like to
have them reported to your readers.
STEPS TO WRITE
DISCUSSION
SECTION
CAPTIONING AND REFERENCING TABLES AND FIGURES

• Regardless of which format you use, the figures should be placed in the
order they are referenced in the Results section and be as clear and easy to
understand as possible.
• If there are multiple variables being considered (within one or more research
questions),
• it can be a good idea to split these up into separate figures.
• Subsequently, these can be referenced and analyzed under separate headings and
paragraphs in the text.
 Reference
1. How to Write the Results/Findings Section in Research –
Wordvice
2.How to Write a Discussion Section | Tips & Examples (scribbr.co
m)
How to write the conclusion
section of the paper
Presented to : prof . Mahmoud Abdelaziz
Presented by : Eng . Emad Hagag
 CONTENTS
 Introduction .
 tips to write conclusion section of the paper :
1- *Summarize Key Points*
2- *Restate Thesis Statement*
3- *Provide Closure*
4- *Emphasize Significance*
5- *Avoid Introducing New Information*
6- *End on a Strong Note*
7- *Consider the Tone*
8- *Be Concise*
9- *Think About Your Audience* 10- *Revise and Proofread*
●References.
 introduction

 Writing a conclusion for a paper involves summarizing the

main points, restating the thesis, and providing a final thought
or implication. Ensure it leaves a lasting impression on the
reader, reinforcing the significance of your work.
 Summarize Key Points

→ Recap the main points

discussed in your paper,
highlighting the most important
findings or arguments.
 Restate Thesis
Statement
→. Remind the reader of your paper's main
thesis or purpose, but rephrase it in a concise
and impactful way.
 Provide closure

→ Tie up any loose ends or unanswered

questions from earlier in the paper, providing a
sense of completeness to your argument.
 Emphasize significance
• Explain the broader significance of your
research or argument. Why does it matter?
What are the implications of your findings?
 Avoide introduction new
information

→ The conclusion is not the place to introduce

new ideas or information. Stick to summarizing
what has already been discussed.
 End on a Strong Note

• Leave the reader with a final thought or insight

that reinforces the importance of your work or
encourages further reflection.
 Consider the tone
● Match the tone of your conclusion to the
overall tone of your paper. If your paper is
academic and formal, keep the conclusion
similarly formal.
 Be concise
Keep your conclusion concise and to the point.
Aim for clarity and avoid unnecessary
repetition.
 Think about your
Audience

Consider who will be reading your paper and

what they will be looking for in the conclusion.
Tailor your conclusion to their expectations and
level of understanding.
 Revise and proofread
After writing your conclusion, revise it carefully to
ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness.
Proofread for any errors in grammar, punctuation,
or spelling.
 References
• WFL Publisher Science and Technology.

• M Ruscalleda Beylier, MD Balaguer, and J Colprim, University of

Girona, Girona, Catalonia.

• C Pellicer-Nàcher, B-J Ni, and BF Smets, Technical University of

Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
 Thanks

Any Question ?
How to write the references
section of the paper

Present by Eng / Esraa mohamed Abd elaziz

present to DR/ mahmoud Abd elaziz
steps to write reference section of paper:

- Formatting

- Order

- Elements of a reference entry

- Examples:

- Double-check

- Use citation management tools

How to write the
references section of
the paper
Writing the references section of a paper involves listing all the
sources you cited within your work. Here's a step-by-step guide to
help you write an effective references section
steps to write reference section
of paper:-
Formatting: The references section typically comes at the end of
your paper. It should be titled "References" and formatted according to the
citation style specified by your instructor or the journal you're submitting
to (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.))

Order: Arrange your references alphabetically by the last name of the

first author of each source. If there is no author, you can use the title of the
source to alphabetize.
 3)Elements of a reference entry:

Author(s) Year of publication: Title of the work: Journal title (if

List the last name
applicable):
Provide the year Include the title of
followed by the the source was the article, book, or If you're citing a
initials of the first published. other source in journal article,
and middle names sentence case include the title of the
(if available) of journal in italics,
each author. followed by the
volume number and
issue
number (if available)

Publisher and URL or DOI (if

location (if applicable):
applicable):
If your source is from
For books, include
an online database or
the name of the
website, include the
publisher and the
URL or DOI (Digital
location (city and
Object Identifier) to
state or city and
help readers locate
country) of the
the source.
publisher.
4) Examples:
1 For a book:
Smith, J. K. (2005). The Art of Writing. New York, NY: Penguin Books

2 For a journal article:

Brown, A. B., & Jones, C. D. (2010). Title of the article. Journal of Academic
Writing, 15(3), 123-135. DOI: xxxxxxxx

3 For a website:
Johnson, L. (2018). How to Write References. Retrieved from
https://www.example.com/how-to-write-references
5)Double-check:
Ensure that each reference is accurate and matches the in-text citations in your paper.

6)Use citation management tools:

Consider using citation management software like Zotero, Mendeley, or EndNote to organize your
references and automatically generate citations in the appropriate format
REFERENCE:-