Vol %

Basics for
20
Analytical Training
15 Process Gas Analysis
Udo Deptolla CO2

10

CO
Technical terms and symbols
5 O2 Important parameter
Measuring units etc.
0
0, 0,8 1
6
1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

© Company name - 1 -
01-04-06 -
© Company name - 2

A01-2
Remarks:
 Name Symbol Notes

1 Sample gas probe

A
C A Sampling tube
1.1 Sample gas probe B Bushing tube
general B C Bushing tube for
sampling gas line

1.2 Sample gas probe

with inlet filter

1.3 Sample gas probe

with outlet filter

1.4 Sample gas probe with

electric heated outlet filter

1.5 Sample gas probe with

hotgas or vapor heated
outlet filter
© Company name - 3

1.6 Injector probe

A01-3
 2 Sample gas line

2.1 Sample gas line with

defined flow direction

2.2 Parallel Sample gas lines

2.3 Movable Sample gas line

2.4 Sample gas line with

electrical heating

2.5 Sample gas line with vapor-,

Hot water mantel heated

2.6 Thermal insulated

2.6 Crossing of 2, Sample gas lines

without connection

2.6 Crossing with connection

© Company name - 4

A01-4
 2.1 Outlet to atmosphere
for Gas / Vapor

3 Shut off- and Differential pressure device

3.1 Without changeable flow

( e.g. capillary tube, nozzle. )

3.2 Flow restrictor

with changeable flow

3.3 Shut off device ( general ) according to DIN 30 600

( german standard )

3.4 Shut off valve

3.5 Stop cock

3.6 Gate valve

© Company name - 5

3.7 Three way valve

A01-5
 3.8 Three way stop cock

3.9 Four way valve

3.10 Stright through

controll valve

3.11 Manual drive

3.12 Fine drive

3.13 Solenoid servo drive

© Company name - 6

A01-6
 3.13 Solenoid valve

3.14 Pressure reducer 150 10

4 Filter
4.1 Gas filter, general

elektrostatic

T diffusion thermic

4.2 Fine filter, Diaphragm filter

4.3 Gas filter with

electrical heater
© Company name - 7

4.4 Black carbon filter

A01-7
 5 Safety equipment

5.1 Flame barrier

5.2 Detonation fuse in

tubes

5.3 Safety disk

6 Equipment for gas conditioning

6.1 Separator, general

6.2 Separator with automatic

drain

6.3 Wet- Separator

© Company name - 8

6.4 Impingement separator

A01-8
 6.5 Impingement separator

6.6 Heat exchanger with crossing

material- fiow ( e.g. cooler )

6.7 Heat- exchanger without

crossing material flow

6.8 Electrical
1 Way 2 Way
Sample gas cooler

6.9 Condensate discharge

1 Homogenisation of a gas composition

6.10 Mixing zone 2 Mixing of 2 gas flows
1 2
© Company name - 9

6.11 Mixing zone

A01-9
 6.12 Ad- resp. Absorption tower

6.13 Electrical heated

6.14 Reaction furnace

without filling x °C

6.15 Reaction furnace

with filling
x °C

7 Gas feeding units,

( Pressure- and Down stream opertion )

7.1 Pumps, general

© Company name - 10

7.2 Membran pump

A01-10
 7.3 Piston pump

7.4 Hose pump

7.5 Liquid jet pump

for downstream operation

7.5 Liquid jet pump

for upstream operation

7.6 Dosing pump ( general ) Dosing pump with piston:

D
D
7.7 Mixing pump
D

7.8 Compressor
© Company name - 11

7.9 Fan

A01-11
 8 Flow meter

8.1 Rotameter

8.1 Rotameter A+
with upper and lower
Alarm limit
A-

9 Pressure controller, Flow controller

and Immersion pipe

9.1 Flow controller

for constant Inlet pressure

9.2 Flow controller for

constant Back pressure
© Company name - 12

A01-12
 9.3 Overpressure- Immersion pipe
in the gas inlet

To fix the inlet pressure of an

9.3 Overflow immersion pipe self priming analyzer at
atmosphere pressure

10 Process gas or Test gas sources

10.1 Gas manufacture, general;

Process gas chamber
© Company name - 13

10.2 Gas bottle with

shut off valve

A01-13
 11 Measuring point selector switch

11.1 Measuring selector point switch,

common

11.2 Measuring selector point switch

with solenoid valve

12 Process gas analyzer

12.1 Process gas analyzer with 4 ... 20 mA

outlet to atmosphere
CO
0 .. 10 Vol%

13 Analyzer cabinet
Analyzer central compartment
© Company name - 14

x °C

A01-14
 Measuring Units
© Company name - 15

A01-15
 Measuring Units in Vol % or g / m³ ?

The relation between the two units is as follows

P
*
C = 0,12 * v * M * ( g / m³ )
T
*
Equation is strictly valid only for
ideal gases. It is however a
M = molecular weight of the measuring component sufficient approximation for real
gases at the usual measuring gas
P = total pressure of the measuring gas in mbar pressures and temperatures
T = absolute temperature of the measuring gas in Kelvin

Example : v = 10 Vol% Nitrogen( N2 ), Molecular weight 28

P = 1013 mbar, T = 273 K ( = 0 °C )

C = 0,12 * 10 * 28 * 1013 / 273 = 124,66 g / m³

© Company name - 16

10 Vol% 124,66 g / m³

A01-16
 Measuring Units in Vol % or g / m³ ?

Typical concentration measuring units :

* old unit ppm

g / m³ ( mg / m³ ) or Vol % ( vpm* ) parts per million

1 Volumenteil 1 vpm
=
1 000 000 Volumenteil

Mol - Gewicht
Weight of 1l Gas = V [ cm³ ] x[g / cm³ ]  =
Mol - Volumen
p x V=R x T
8,314 Pa x m³
R= ( Gasconstant )
RxT Mol x °K
Mol - Volume = p p = 101325 Pa

Mol - Volume = 22,41 l / Mol T = 273,15 °K

© Company name - 17

A01-17
 Measuring Units in Vol % or g / m³ ?

Whatever volume a gas mixture may occupy depending

Vol % on the pressure and temperature changes the percentage
part of its single components according to
the total volume remains unchanged.

The density per unit volume however, changes corrospondig

to the gas state thus the specification in g / m³ is only defined
for a distinct pressure and temperature
g / m³
To compare this values with others measuring points it
is absolutly necessary to standardize the results.
( Temperature, Pressure, Humidity ... )
© Company name - 18

A01-18
 Conversion of g/ m³ in vpm and mg C3 in mg C3H8

Example: 1 g/m³ CO  ? vpm CO

Mol - gewicht: CO = 28 1 g / m³ X
=
1,25 x 10³ g / m³ 100 Vol %
28 g : 22,4*103 cm³ = 1,25 x 10 -3 g / cm³

1,25 x 103 g / m³ = 100 Vol % 11 g/m³

g/m³ ~~ X
X == 0,08
0,08 Vol
Vol %
% == 800
800 vpm
vpm

Example : 30 mg C3 / m³ >>>>>> ? mg C3H8 / m³ ?

Mol - Gewicht " C3 " = 36 Mol - Gewicht C3H8 = 44

30 mg C / m³ = X mg C3H8 / m³
36 mg C / m³ = 44 mg C3H8 / m³
44 mg C3H8 / m³ x 30 mg C / m³
© Company name - 19

X= == 36,667
36,667 mg
mg C
C33H
H88 // m³
m³
36 mg C / m³

A01-19
 Conversion of mg C3H8 in vpm

Example : Mol - Gewicht " C3 " = 36 Mol - Gewicht C3H8 = 44

30 mg C / m³ = ? mg C3H8 / m³
36 mg C / m³ = 44 mg C3H8 / m³

44 mg C3H8 / m³ x 30 mg C / m³
X= = 36,667 mg C3H8 / m³
36 mg C / m³

Example : 36,667 mg C3H8 / m³ = ? vpm

1 g / m³ X
1,96 x 10³ g / m³ = 100 Vol %
Beispiel : Mol - gew. C3H8 = 44
X = 0,0510 Vol % = 510 vpm ( C3H8 )
44 g : 22,4 *103 cm³ = 1,96 x 10 -3 g / cm³
1000
1000 mg
mg C C33H
H88 // m³
m³ == 510
510 vpm
vpm C
C33H
H88
© Company name - 20

1,96 x 103 g / m³ = 100 Vol %

36,667
36,667 mg
mg C
C33H
H88 // m³
m³ == 18,34
18,34 vpm
vpm C
C33H
H88

A01-20
 Standardisation of pollutant concentration
At emission monitoring systems ( i. e. in germany 13. BImSchV and the 17. BImSchV )
the require a standardization of the pollution concentration to
Reference - Parameter.

That means the raw gas concentration which delivers our Analyzers
must be corrected.

Reference values
Referenceparameter :
Vol % O2
Oxygen quantity
Depends of the fuel

Temperature 0 °C

Pressure 1013 mbar

Humidity Humidity ( f ) Vol % " dry Gas "

Equation :

21 - O2Reference Tmeasured + 273 pReference 100 - fReference

CCorrected = CRaw value x x x x
© Company name - 21

21 - O2measured TReference + 273 pmeasured 100 - fmeasured

A01-21
 Measuring Units in Vol % or g / m³ ?
1 Vol % = 1 / 100 Volumen = 10 000 ppm = 10 4 ppm

1 ppm = 1 cm³ / 1 000 000 cm³ = 10- 4 Vol %

ppm ppb ppt ppq

g / kg

1 Percent is 1 Part of 100 Parts 10 Gramm 10

per Kilogramm
1 Promille is 1 Part of 1 000 Parts 1 Gramm 1
per Kilogramm
1 ppm ( part per million ) is 1 Part of 1 000 000 Parts 1 Milligramm 0,001
per Kilkogramm
1 ppb ( part per billion ) is 1 Part of 1 000 000 000 Parts
1 Mikrogramm 0,000 001
( b = billion, amerikanisch für Milliarde )
per Kilogramm ( 10 - 6 )

1 ppt ( part per trillion ) is 1 Part of 1 000 000 000 000 Parts 1 Nanogramm 0,000 000 001
( t = trillion, amerikanisch für Billion ) per Kilogramm ( 10 - 9 )

1ppq ( part per quadrillion ) is 1 Part of 1 000 000 000 000 000 Parts 1 Picogramm 0,000 000 000 001
( q = quadrillion, amerikanisch für Billiarde ) per Kilogramm ( 10 - 12 )
© Company name - 22

A01-22
 Gas Parameters
Tox=1Ca MAK UEG OEG [Vol
lfd.Nr Formel Bezeichnung Komp Nr MolG MolV Exp Kor 1 ppm =? mg/m³ 1 g/m³ = ? ppm
n=2 TRK * Vol % %]
1 CH3CHO Acetaldehyd 207 44,05 22,40 1 1 0 50 4,0 57,0 1,967 508,51
2 CH3COCH3 Aceton 208 58,08 22,40 1 1 0 1000 2,5 13,0 2,593 385,67
3 C2H2 Acetylen 109 26,04 22,22 0 1 0 2,3 78,0 1,172 853,30
4 C3H3N Acrylnitril 242 53,10 22,40 2 0 0 * 6,0 2,8 28,0 2,371 421,85
5 C3H4O2 Acrylsäure 289 112,14 22,40 2 0 0 * 1,7 5,3 26,0 5,006 199,75
6 CH2O2 Ameisensäure 247 46,03 22,40 1 0 0 5 10,0 45,5 2,055 486,64
7 C3H6O2 Ameisensäureethylester 249 74,08 22,40 1 0 0 100 2,7 16,5 3,307 302,38
8 C2H4O2 Ameisensäuremethylester 291 60,05 22,40 1 0 0 100 5,0 23,0 2,681 373,02
9 NH3 Ammoniak 110 17,03 22,08 1 1 1 50 15,4 33,6 0,771 1296,54
10 C6H7N Anilin 221 93,13 22,40 1 0 0 2 1,2 11,0 4,158 240,52
11 Ar Argon 504 39,94 22,39 0 0 0 1,784 560,59
12 ASH3 Arsenwasserstoff 314 77,95 22,40 1 0 0 0,05 4,5 68,0 3,480 287,36
13 C4H8O2 Äthylacetat 271 88,10 22,40 1 0 0 400 2,1 11,5 3,933 254,26
14 C2H5Cl Äthylchlorid 243 64,52 22,40 1 0 0 1000 3,6 14,8 2,880 347,18
15 C6H6 Benzol 203 78,12 22,00 2 1 0 * 8,0 1,2 8,0 3,551 281,62
16 Br2 Brom 601 79,92 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 3,568 280,28
17 HBr Bromwasserstoff 317 80,92 22,40 1 0 0 5 3,613 276,82
18 C4H6 Butadien 1 3- 111 54,09 22,40 1 1 0 * 5,0 1,4 16,3 2,415 414,12
19 C4H10 Butan 106 58,20 21,50 1 1 0 1000 1,4 9,3 2,707 369,42
20 C4H10 Butan ISO- 112 58,12 21,78 1 1 0 1000 1,4 9,3 2,669 374,74
21 C4H10O Butanol ISO- 223 74,12 22,40 1 1 0 100 1,4 11,3 3,309 302,21
22 C4H10O Butanol N- 222 74,12 22,40 1 1 0 100 1,4 11,3 3,309 302,21
23 C4H10S Butanthiol 254 99,19 22,40 1 0 0 0,5 4,428 225,83
24 C4H8 Butylen 2- 114 56,11 22,00 0 1 0 1,6 10,0 2,550 392,09
25 C4H8 Butylen 1- 113 56,11 22,00 0 1 0 1,6 10,0 2,550 392,09
26 Cl2 Chlor 302 70,90 22,06 1 0 0 0,5 3,214 311,14
27 C6H5Cl Chlorbenzol 224 112,56 22,40 1 1 0 50 1,3 9,3 5,025 199,00
28 ClO2 Chlordioxid 303 67,45 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 3,011 332,10
29 CHCl3 Chloroform 225 118,90 22,40 1 0 0 10 5,308 188,39
30 ClF3 Chlortrifluorid 315 92,46 22,41 1 0 0 0,1 4,126 242,38
31 HCl Chlorwasserstoff 311 36,46 22,45 1 0 0 5 1,624 615,74
32 HCN Cyanwasserstoff 300 27,03 22,07 1 1 0 10 5,4 46,6 1,225 816,50
33 C6H12 Cyclohexan 226 84,16 22,40 1 1 0 300 1,2 8,3 3,757 266,16
© Company name - 23

34 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 227 100,16 22,40 1 1 0 50 2,0 4,471 223,64

35 C6H10O Cyclohexanon 228 98,15 22,40 1 1 0 50 1,3 9,4 4,382 228,22

A01-23
 Gas Parameters
Tox=1Ca MAK UEG OEG [Vol
lfd.Nr Formel Bezeichnung Komp Nr MolG MolV Exp Kor 1 ppm =? mg/m³ 1 g/m³ = ? ppm
n=2 TRK * Vol % %]
35 C6H10O Cyclohexanon 228 98,15 22,40 1 1 0 50 1,3 9,4 4,382 228,22
36 D2O Deuterium Oxyd 118 20,00 22,40 0 0 0 0,893 1120,00
37 C4H2 Diacetylen 115 50,06 22,40 0 1 0 2,3 78,0 2,235 447,46
38 B2H6 Diboran 316 27,67 22,41 1 0 0 0,1 1,235 809,90
39 C2H4Cl2 Dichloräthan 1,1- 229 98,96 22,40 1 1 0 400 5,6 16,0 4,418 226,35
40 C2H4Cl2 Dichloräthan 1,2 230 98,96 22,40 1 1 0 20 6,2 16,0 4,418 226,35
41 CH2Cl2 Dichlormethan 213 84,93 22,40 1 1 0 100 14,0 25,0 3,792 263,75
42 C3H6Cl2 Dichlorpropan 1 2- 231 112,99 22,40 1 1 0 75 3,4 14,5 5,044 198,25
43 C4H11N Diethylamin 232 73,14 22,40 1 1 0 10 1,7 10,1 3,265 306,26
44 C4H10O Diethyläther 233 74,12 22,40 1 1 0 400 1,7 48,0 3,309 302,21
45 C2N2O2 Diisocyanat 119 84,00 22,40 1 0 0 3,750 266,67
46 C2H7N Dimethylamin 234 45,08 22,40 1 1 0 10 2,8 14,4 2,013 496,89
47 C2H6O Dimethyläther 235 46,07 22,40 1 1 0 ? 3,0 18,6 2,057 486,22
48 C3H7ON Dimethylformamid 275 73,09 22,40 1 1 0 20 2,2 16,0 3,263 306,47
49 C7H8N2O4 Dinitrotoluol 276 182,14 22,41 1 0 0 1,5 8,128 123,04
50 C4H8O2 Dioxan 1 4- 236 88,11 22,40 1 1 0 180 1,9 22,5 3,933 254,23
51 N2O Distickstoffmonoxid 212 44,02 22,25 1 0 0 1,978 505,45
52 C4H6O Divinyläther 237 70,09 22,40 0 1 0 ? 1,7 36,5 3,129 319,59
53 C2H4O2 Essigsäure 238 60,05 22,40 1 1 0 10 4,0 17,0 2,681 373,02
54 C4H6O3 Essigsäureanhydrid 239 102,09 22,40 1 1 0 5 2,0 10,2 4,558 219,41
55 C2H6 Ethan 104 30,07 22,16 0 1 0 2,7 14,7 1,357 736,95
56 C2H5OH Ethanol 206 46,07 22,40 1 1 0 1000 3,5 15,0 2,057 486,22
57 C2H6S Ethanthiol 255 62,13 22,40 0 0 0 2,774 360,53
58 C2H4 Ethen 107 28,05 22,24 0 1 0 2,3 32,4 1,261 792,87
59 C2H4Cl2 Ethylenchlorid 117 98,97 22,40 1 1 0 20 6,2 16,0 4,418 226,33
60 C2H4O Ethylenoxid 246 44,05 22,40 2 1 0 * 2,6 100,0 1,967 508,51
61 F2 Fluor 600 38,00 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 1,696 589,47
62 HF Fluorwasserstoff 305 20,01 22,40 1 0 0 3 0,893 1119,44
63 CH2O Formaldehyd 240 30,04 22,40 1 1 0 1 7,0 73,0 1,341 745,67
64 F Frigen 209 0,00 0,00 1 0 0 1000
65 F11 Frigen 11 215 137,38 22,40 1 0 0 1000 6,133 163,05
66 F113 Frigen 113 219 187,39 22,40 1 0 0 1000 8,366 119,54
67 F114 Frigen 114 250 170,93 22,40 1 0 0 1000 7,631 131,05
© Company name - 24

68 F115 Frigen 115 251 154,48 22,40 0 0 0 6,896 145,00

69 F12 Frigen 12 216 120,92 22,40 1 0 0 1000 5,398 185,25
70 F12B1 Frigen 12 B1 244 165,40 22,40 1 0 0 1000 7,384 135,43

A01-24
 Gas Parameters
Tox=1Ca MAK UEG OEG [Vol
lfd.Nr Formel Bezeichnung Komp Nr MolG MolV Exp Kor 1 ppm =? mg/m³ 1 g/m³ = ? ppm
n=2 TRK * Vol % %]
71 F13 Frigen 13 245 104,47 22,40 0 0 0 4,664 214,42
72 F13B1 Frigen 13 B1 217 148,93 22,40 1 0 0 1000 6,649 150,41
73 CHFCl2 Frigen 21 277 122,00 22,40 1 0 0 10 5,446 183,61
74 F22 Frigen 22 218 86,48 22,40 1 0 0 500 3,861 259,02
75 F23 Frigen 23 248 70,01 22,40 0 0 0 3,125 319,95
76 F502 Frigen 502 220 121,29 22,40 1 0 0 1000 5,415 184,68
77 C4H8O Furan 280 72,00 22,40 2 1 0 * 0,2 2,3 14,3 3,214 311,11
78 C5H4O2 Furylmethanol 241 96,10 22,40 1 1 0 50 1,8 16,3 4,290 233,09
79 He Helium 500 4,00 22,42 0 0 0 0,178 5605,00
80 C7H16 Heptan N- 201 100,21 22,40 1 1 0 500 1,1 6,7 4,474 223,53
81 C6H14 Hexan N- 200 86,18 22,40 1 1 0 50 1,0 8,1 3,847 259,92
82 N2H4 Hydrazin 252 32,05 22,40 2 1 0 * 0,1 4,7 100,0 1,431 698,91
83 CO2 Kohlendioxid 101 44,01 22,26 1 0 0 5000 1,977 505,79
84 CO Kohlenmonoxid 100 28,01 22,40 1 1 0 30 10,9 76,0 1,250 799,71
85 COS Kohlenoxidsulfid 313 60,07 22,41 1 1 0 10 11,9 29,0 2,680 373,06
86 C7H8O Kresol O- N- P- 253 108,14 22,40 1 1 0 5 1,0 ? 4,828 207,14
87 Kr Krypton 501 83,70 22,40 0 0 0 3,737 267,62
88 C4H2O3 Maleinsäureanhydrid 288 98,06 22,40 1 1 0 0,2 1,4 7,1 4,378 228,43
89 CH4 Methan 102 16,04 22,36 0 1 0 4,4 16,5 0,717 1394,01
90 CH3OH Methanol 205 32,04 22,40 1 1 0 200 5,5 44,0 1,430 699,13
91 CH4S Methanthiol 256 48,11 22,40 1 1 0 0,5 3,8 21,8 2,148 465,60
92 C3H6O2 Methylacetat 257 74,08 22,40 1 1 0 200 3,1 16,0 3,307 302,38
93 CH3Br Methylbromid 258 94,94 22,40 1 1 0 5 8,6 20,0 4,238 235,94
94 CH2Br2 Methylenbromid 286 173,86 22,40 0 0 0 7,762 128,84
95 CH3Cl Monochlormethan 287 50,49 22,40 1 1 0 50 7,1 18,5 2,254 443,65
96 Ne Neon 502 20,18 22,43 0 0 0 0,900 1111,50
97 O3 Ozon 503 48,00 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 2,143 466,67
98 C5H12 Pentan N- 260 72,15 22,40 1 1 0 1000 1,4 7,8 3,221 310,46
99 COCl2 Phosgen 306 98,92 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 4,416 226,45
100 PH3 Phosphorwasserstoff 307 34,00 22,40 1 0 0 0,1 **) 1,518 658,82
101 C3H4 Popadien 116 40,06 22,40 0 0 0 1,788 559,16
102 C3H8 Propan 105 44,10 22,00 1 1 0 1000 1,7 10,9 2,005 498,87
103 C3H8O Propanol 2- 261 60,10 22,40 1 1 0 400 2,0 12,0 2,683 372,71
© Company name - 25

104 C3H6 Propen 108 42,08 21,96 0 1 0 2,0 11,1 1,916 521,86
105 C3H40 Propylenoxid 259 56,07 22,40 2 1 0 * 50 1,9 24,0 2,503 399,50

A01-25
 Gas Parameters

Tox=1Ca MAK UEG OEG [Vol

lfd.Nr Formel Bezeichnung Komp Nr MolG MolV Exp Kor 1 ppm =? mg/m³ 1 g/m³ = ? ppm
n=2 TRK * Vol % %]
105 C3H40 Propylenoxid 259 56,07 22,40 2 1 0 * 50 1,9 24,0 2,503 399,50
106 O2 Sauerstoff 509 31,99 22,39 0 0 0 1,429 699,91
107 O2BK Sauerstoff Bk 400 31,99 22,39 0 0 0 1,429 699,91
108 O2MK Sauerstoff Mk 214 31,99 22,39 0 0 0 1,429 699,91
109 SO2 Schwefeldioxid 103 64,06 21,89 1 0 1 2 2,926 341,71
110 SF6 Schwefelhexafluorid 262 146,05 22,40 0 0 0 6,520 153,37
111 CS2 Schwefelkohlenstoff 301 76,14 21,91 1 1 0 10 1,0 60,0 3,475 287,76
112 H2SO4 Schwefelsäure 309 98,07 22,40 0 0 0 4,378 228,41
113 SO3 Schwefeltrioxid 310 80,06 22,40 1 0 0 1 3,574 279,79
114 H2S Schwefelwasserstoff 304 34,08 22,14 1 1 0 10 4,3 45,5 1,539 649,65
115 H2SO3 Schweflige Säure 312 82,08 22,40 1 0 0 2 3,664 272,90
116 D20 Schweres Wasser 274 20,03 22,41 0 0 0 0,894 1118,82
117 N2 Stickstoff 506 28,03 22,40 0 0 0 1,251 799,14
118 NO2 Stickstoffdioxid 308 46,01 22,40 1 0 0 5 2,054 486,85
119 NO Stickstoffmonoxid 211 30,01 22,39 1 0 0 5 1,340 746,08
120 C2Cl4 Tetrachloräthylen 452 121,14 22,41 1 0 0 50 5,406 184,99
121 CCl4 Tetrachlormethan 264 153,82 22,40 1 0 0 10 6,867 145,62
122 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 285 72,10 22,40 1 1 0 200 1,5 12,0 3,219 310,68
123 C7H10N2 Toluendiamine 281 122,00 22,40 0 0 0 5,446 183,61
124 C7H8 Toluol 204 92,14 22,00 1 1 0 100 1,2 7,8 4,188 238,77
125 C2HCl3 Trichloräthylen 451 131,39 22,40 1 1 0 50 7,9 90,0 5,866 170,48
126 C4H6O2 Vinylacetat 265 86,10 22,40 1 1 0 10 2,6 13,4 3,844 260,16
127 C2H3Cl Vinylchlorid 266 62,50 22,40 2 1 0 *2 3,8 31,0 2,790 358,40
128 C2H2Cl2 Vinylidenchlorid 267 96,94 22,40 1 1 0 2 8,4 16,5 4,328 231,07
129 H2O Wasserdampf 210 18,01 22,00 0 0 0 0,819 1221,54
130 H2 Wasserstoff 507 2,02 22,43 0 1 0 4,0 75,6 0,090 11103,96
131 H2O2 Wasserstoffperoxid 268 34,01 22,40 1 0 0 1 1,518 658,63
132 C8H10 Xylol M- P- 270 106,00 22,00 1 1 0 100 1,0 7,0 4,818 207,55
133 C8H10 Xylol O- 269 106,17 22,00 1 1 0 100 1,0 7,0 4,826 207,21
** = selbstentzündlich
© Company name - 26

A01-26
 Concentration Units ( Conversion factors )

At Standard condition 0°C [ 273 Kelvin ] and 1013 mbar :

c
v= x 2,241 [ Vol % ]
M

c = v * M * 0,446 [ g / m³ ]

Coversion factors :
The factors for converting from g / m³ to ppm and ppm to mg / m³ are given.
The data related to the standard status of the substance defined by : p = 1013 mbar and Tn = 273,4 K.
The molucular mass and also the molecular weight is given in this table..

1. example: g / m³ in ppm

conzentration [ g/m³ ] * mol volume * 1000 Note: When converting from mg / m³ to ppm, the values
ppm =
molecular mass given in table must be divided by 1000.

2. example: ppm in g / m³

Note: When converting from ppm to g / m³ , the values

© Company name - 27

mg / m³ = conzentration [ ppm ] * molecular mass

molecular volume given in table must be divided by 1000.

A01-27
 Conversion of weight-% in Mol-% and Volume-% for Gas- composition

Gas composition :
10 weight.% H2, 60 weight.% N2 und 30 weight.% SO2

10 weight.% 60 weight. % 30 weight. %

H2 N2 SO2
Molecular weight 28 g 64 g
of the gas
2g average
Molecular weight [ g ] molecular weight
of the processgas 10 : 2 60 : 28 30 : 64
component 5 + 2,14
+ 0,47 7,61 g

Result 65,7 28,12 6,13

[ Mol. % ]

1 Mol 22,4 l
Total - volume
Volume [ l ]
of the processgas
component
112
+ 47,94 + 10,53 170,47 l

Result 65,7 28,12 6,18

© Company name - 28

[ Vol % ]

A01-28
 Concentration units in connection with the FID

Options as stated at the FID concentration units

mg org.C / m³ ( i.e.. 17. BImschV )

mg CnHm / m³

ppm CnHm ( TA- Luft )

% LEL ( i:e.. LEL- Measurement )

© Company name - 29

A01-29
 FID concentration units Conversion of ppm in mg org. C / m³ and mg / CnHm

Question : 100 ppm Propan C3H8 = ? mg org. C / m³

Molecular weight C3H8
c = v * M * 0,446 [ g / m³ ]

C3 = 3 *12 = 36 Molwght.
org. C
H8 = 8 * 1 = 8
c = 0,01 * 36 * 0,446
44
c = 161 mg org. C / m³

Question : 100 ppm Propan C3H8 = ? mg Cn Hm / m³

c = 0,01 * 44 * 0,446

c = 196 mg C3H8 / m ³
© Company name - 30

A01-30
 Conversion of ppm in mg org. C / m³ and mg CnHm / m ³
with consideration of the Response Factors ( RF ):

Question : What is the correct FID setting in mg org. C / m³ or mg CnHm / m ³ , if the analyzer must
measure Benzene ( C6 H6 ) and you have a test- gas with 100 ppm Propane ( C 3H8 )
for calibration and you will including the Response- Factor for Benzene with
1,06.

Testgas : 100 ppm Propan C3H8 / N2

Process-Gas : Benzol C6 H6
RF Benzene : 1,06 ( related to Propane )

c = 0,01 * 36 * 0,446 = 161 mg org. C / m ³ without RF

c = ( 0,01 * 36 * 0,446 ) : 1,06 = 152 mg org. C / m ³ with RF

c = 0,01 * 44 * 0,446 = 196 mg C 3H 8 / m ³ without RF

© Company name - 31

c = ( 0,01 * 44 * 0,446 ) : 1,06 = 185 mg Cn Hm / m ³ with RF

A01-31
 Response - Factor ( RF )

The Response - Factor take in consideration various sensivities against the different kinds
of Hydrocarbons. I. e. the defined sensivity for Propane is 1 and now it will compared
with the setting of other Hydrocarbons.

The construction of the measuring chamber has great influence to the Responnse- Factors.
Every producer of FID- Analyzer has quite different values for the RF.
Ideal is the value 1 for all kinds of Hydro Carbons.

Remarks :

Refer to the response factors from the TÜV reports of the respective analyzer.
Keep in mind tat the response factors are a approximate figures, which can
differ slightly, depending on the type of analyzer and operating conditions.

This methodeis only useful for binary mixtures, e. g. for measurement in

accordance with TA- Luft. Only a single component exsists in exhaust- air
( for example Benzene in Air )
© Company name - 32

A01-32
 Concentration units in connection with the FID

Coversion of ppm in % LEL :

without Example 1 : Test gas : 0,8 Vol % Propane (C3 H8 ) in Nitrogen

RF Measuring gas : = Test gas
LEL- Measuring gas : 1,7 Vol %

What is the correct FID setting with a test gas

of 0,8 Vol % Propane ?
0 100 % LEL

0 1,7 Vol %
100 % LEL : 1,7 Vol % = x... % LEL : 0,8 Vol %
x = 47 % LEL related to Propane

with Example 2 : Test gas : 0,8 Vol % Propane (C3 H8 ) in Nitrogen

RF Measuring gas : Toluene ( C7H8 )
LEL-RF Measuring gas : 1,74 related to Propane
What is the correct FID setting with a test gas
of 0,8 Vol % Propane ?
© Company name - 33

( 100 % LEL : 1,7 Vol % ) : 1,74 = x... % LEL : 0,8 Vol %

x = 27,0 % LEL related lo Toluene

A01-33
 Condensation
in the
gas feed line
© Company name - 34

A01-34
 Water or acid condensate ?

One important question before every installation of a new sampling point

is the question, where is the dew point of the system?

Which water dewpoint exist ( °C ) ?

What is to do, to remove the condensate ?

Is it necessary to need a heated line ?

Which acid dewpoint exists?

© Company name - 35

A01-35
 Humidity content Common Parameter

In the gas phase you find always less or more quantities

of H2O - vapor.
There are the following terms :

Maximum airhumidity fmax is the biggest quantity of H2O vapor

which can consist in 1 m³ air at a definite temperature
Saturated quantity [ g / m³ ]

Absolutly airhumidity f is the quantity of H2O exists realy

in 1 m ³ air [ g / m³ ]

Relative air humidity n is the percentages of saturation ,

it's the quotiente of :

absolutly Air humidity f

n =
n = x 100 %
© Company name - 36

Saturation quantity fmax

A01-36
 Dew point Defination

Note : Temperature changing results in different air humidity,

independent of the absolutly air humidity.

Dewpoint

If the temperature fall down the relative air humidity rise up.
The point where 100 % saturation is reached is the dewpoint.
At deeper temperature exist condensate.

At a continuous sample the dewpoint of the process must be known.

Condensate can cloged the tube and can caused gas losses!!!
© Company name - 37

A01-37
 Water content = f ( Temperature )

t = Dewpoint [ °C ]
t ps fs VD / V ps = Partial pressure [ mbar ]
°C mbar g/m³ Vol % fs = Humidity [ g / m ³ ]
VD / V = relative Vapor content [ Vol % ]
-20 1,03 0,88 0,1
-10 2,6 2,14 0,26
0 6,11 4,85 0,6 Condensate per day: ?
Cooler Temperature 1 0,65 5,2 0,65
2 7,05 5,56 0,7
Flow : 60 l / h
3 7,59 5,96 0,75
4 8,13 6,36 0,8
Dewpoint : 60 °C
5 8,72 6,8 0,86 Cooler temperature : 3 °C
10 12,28 9,4 1,21
130,2 - 5,96 = 124,24 g / m ³
Average 20 23,38 17,29 2,31
dewpoint 30 42,42 30,36 4,19 24 h x 60 l / h = 1440 l
for coal fire 40 73,74 51,14 7,28
50 123,32 82,98 12,2 1000 1440
=
60 199,2 130,2 19,7 124,24 X
70 311,5 198,1 30,7
80 473,4 293,3 46,8 X= 1440 x 124,4
90 700,9 423,5 69,2 1000
100 1013,3 597,7 100
© Company name - 38

X = 179 cm ³ H2O / day

A01-38
 Dewpoint - Diagram

Saturation Vapor Quantity ( SVQ ) = f ( Temperatur )

relativer Dampfanteil
SVQ
Vol %
(g/m³)
fs g / m ³ VD / V Vol %

600 100

90

500
80

70
400

60

300 50

40

200
30

20
100

10

0 0
© Company name - 39

-20 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperatur ( °C )

A01-39
 Acid - Dewpoint

Flue gas of Oil with a Sulfur content of 2 %

Dewpoint - line

0 1 2 3 4
© Company name - 40

O2- Concentration [ Vol % ]

A01-40
 What
is necessary for an
optimized Combustion ?
© Company name - 41

A01-41
 Minimum of Air Requirement for Combustion
Typical waste gas mixture of convential boiler plants :

Nitrogen ( N2 )
Carbon dioxid ( CO2 )
Oxygen ( O2 )
Water vapor ( H2O )
Carbon monoxid ( CO )
Sulfur dioxid ( SO2 )
Hydrogen ( H2 )
Nitrogen oxides ( NO, NOx ( NO+NO2 ) )

The
air factor 
is an important variable for the evaluation and monitoring
of combustion processes and is closely connected
with the efficiency of combustion control.
© Company name - 42

A01-42
 Air Factor 

The value is defined as the ratio

of the quantity of air actually supplied to
the stoichiometrically determined air requirement

Quantitity of Air supplied

= Stoichiometric minimum air requirement

A= 1 Complete combustion

B< 1 Combustion with air deficiency

C> 1 Combustion with excess air

In most cases complete combustion cannot be achieved with

with the minimum air requirement, so that in order
to achieve optimum fuel utilization
excess air is required for combustion
© Company name - 43

An Air Factor of  => 1 must therefore be used.

A01-43
 Combustion Diagramm

O2- and CO2- content of dry flue gases for different fuels Waste gas composition as a function of the
as a function of the air factor  ( theoretical values ). air factor ( coal )

Vol % Vol %
22
20
e = Blaste- furnace coke
20
d = Coal

18 c = Tar oil
b = Fuel oil
a = Piped gas 15
16
c
b CO2
a
14 d
e
12 10

10
CO
8
5 O2
6

2 0

© Company name - 44

0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

1
1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 

A01-44
 Why air- exceed at combustion?

It is impossible to get a complete combustion of

gas, oil or coal
with the theoretical air quantity.

In experience
the burning process is always running with exceed air.

Uncomplete combustion with air deficit :

1 kg Carbon precocious 8140 WE
burning to CO22 : 8140 WE
burning to CO : 2440 WE

losses 5700 WE
Combustion with exceed air :

The additional quantity of the N22 causes higher losses!

Sum something up:
© Company name - 45

To minimize the losses, an exact knowledge of the exceed air is absolute necessarry!!!!!!

A01-45
 Gas compound for different burner status

Coal fired C + O2 = CO2 ( ideal )

Complete burning 79 Vol% N2

Für  = 1
of carcbon C ( e.g. coke ) 21 Vol% CO2

79 Vol% N2
Complete burning
Für  = 2 10,5 Vol% CO2
of carcbon C ( e.g. coke )
10,5 Vol% O2

The summary of O2- and CO2-content is nearly 21 Vol%

At coals with higher quantities of CH4, S and N2 it is between 19 … 20 Vol%

Gas fired CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O ( ideal )

79 Vol% N2
Complete burning
Für  = 1 10,5 Vol% CO2
© Company name - 46

of carbon ( CH4 )
10,5 Vol% H2O

A01-46
 Air Factor 

The optimum air factor depends on ::

Type of firing
Fuel type
Boiler construction

The air factor cannot not be measured directly but must calculated from the balance
of materials in the combustion process, i. e. from the composition from the fuel and the
combustions products. In principle it doesn't matter which combustion product component
of the flue gas ( CO, CO2 or O2 ) is used for the calculation.

Oxygen ( O2 )
Carbon monoxide ( CO )
is the most usefull measured component in this connection because its
concentration in the flue gas can be clearly correlated with
the combustion status .
measurement gives an exact information about the point of minimum
losses.

Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) measurement permits an ambiguous interpretation of the combustion

status due to the concentration maximum if  =1. For boiler
© Company name - 47

optimization this component isn't be suitable.

A01-47
 Boiler losses ( ideal )

Losses
CO
O2

ideal
O2
CO Boiler- losses
ideal


=1
© Company name - 48

A01-48
 Boiler losses ( real )

Losses
CO
O2

ideal real Boiler- losses

real O2
CO

ideal


=1
© Company name - 49

A01-49
 Boiler losses - Incenerator -

Losses
CO Boiler- losses
O2
Boiler- losses
ideal real
real O2
CO CO

ideal


=1
© Company name - 50

A01-50
 Dead - time and Pressure - drop
in Sample gas tubes
© Company name - 51

A01-51
 Dead time in gas tubes for Air under Standard pressure

Estimated values of the dead time Tt (seconds) per metre measuring line for inner dia-
meters d (mm) and flow rate Q I/h

d [mm]
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Q [ l/h ]

30 1.5 3.4 6 9.4 13.5 18.4 24 30.5 37.6 45.5 54.2

60 0.8 1.7 3 4.7 6.8 9.2 12 15.3 18.8 22.8 27.1
90 0.5 1.1 2 3.1 4.5 6.1 8 10.2 12.5 15.2 18.1
120 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.4 4.6 6 7.6 9.4 11.4 13.6
150 0.3 0.7 1.8 1.9 2.7 3.7 4.8 6.1 7.5 9.1 10.8
180 0.3 0.6 1 1.6 2.3 3.1 4 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.0
210 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.4 4.3 5.4 6.5 7.7
240 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.3 3 3.8 4.7 5.7 6.8
270 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 2 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.1 6
300 0.15 0.34 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.8 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.4
© Company name - 52

Tt: value based on 2/10 of a second

A01-52
 Dead time and pressure drop in gas tubes for Air under
Standard pressure

Air temperatrure 30 °C 30 °C 150 °C

Inner Gas flow Dead time Pressure drop Pressure dropl

diameter. l / min l/h s / 10 m tube mbar/10m Tube mbar/10m Tube
[ mm ]

8 1 60 25 0,005 0,005
5 300 5 1 ... 2 3 ... 6
10 600 2,4 3....6 6....12
6 1 60 13,8 1....2 2....4
5 300 2,7 5....10 10....20
10 600 1,3 20....40
4 1 60 6,1 5....10 10....20
5 300 1,2 30....60 50....110
10 600 0,6 145....290 210....410
Example : Tube lenght : 30 m Dead time : 30 x 0,12 = 3, 6 Sekunden
Inner diameter : 4 mm
Flow : 300 l / h Pressure drop : 30 x 6 = 180 mbar

Note : If you considered a complete analyzer system, you must add also the dead time
© Company name - 53

of the gas conditioning system and the dead time of the analyzer.
The pressure increase with higher temperature and also with rough surfaces .

A01-53
 How to remove

Interfering components
© Company name - 54

A01-54
 Remove interfering components

Why ?

Danger of corrosion in measuring chamber and measuring cells

Interfering of measured values

Interfering of measured values or e.g. demaging the electrolyte

at electro chemical Sensors
© Company name - 55

A01-55
 Remove interfering components

Attention !

Removing of one gas- components out of the process gas will cause
an error, because the concentration of the other components
will be increased ( Volume error )

This procedure is only applicable , if the concentration of the removing

component isn't very high ( max. 1.. 2% ) or constant. In the 1. case
the error is very small and in 2. case you have to consider
this error at calibration.
© Company name - 56

A01-56
 Remove interfering components
Universalfilter, drying tower und washing bottle

Application

This devices are used to absorb or adsorb components of a sample

gas which can cause cross - sensivities in a gas analyzer or which would cause
damage ( e.g. corrosion )

Gasdrying

Problem Device Filling Fillquantity Water Residual- do not used

absorption water vapor when measuring:
g g g / m³

Water vapor Universal filter Calcium chloride. 200 90 1.4 · 10 -1 SO2 - HCI - NH3
( CaCl2 )

KC-drying beads 100 25 1.4 · 10 -1 SO2:- NH3 - HCI - CO2;

C n Hm

Drying Tower Calcium chloride. 250 110 1.4 · 10 -1 S02 - HCI: NH3
( CaCl2 )

KC- drying beads 150 40 1,4 10 -1 S02: NH3: HCI:

CO2 - Cn Hm

Phosphorpentoxid. 100 30 2 10 -5 C 2 H2
P205 in Form von all Olefines
Sicapent oder ( CnHm )
Granusic 200 90

Washing bottle Sulfuri - acid 96% 750 cm³ 190 3 10 -3 Olefines NH3 - Cn Hm
© Company name - 57

A01-57
 Remove interfering components

H2SO4 Universal filter Glaswool

Droplets ( Stainless steel version. )

Drying Tower Glaswool

Aciid filter Filterelement

One way filterr Borsilikat glas-Microfaser

Dust Universal filter cotten wadding

mechanically
carried inpurities Drying tower cotten wadding

Ceramic filter

Oil mist and Universal filte Activated carbon NH3 - SO2 - Cl2.-
vapors Olefine ( CnHm )

Drying tower Aktivated carbon NH3 - SO2 - Cl2.-

Olefine ( CnHm )

Solvent vapors Universal filter Aktivated carbon Olefine ( CnHm )

Drying tower Aktivated carbon NH3 - SO2 - CO2 - Cl2

Olefine ( CnHm )

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Universalfilter Soda lime CO2 - SO2 - Cl2 - H2O

Sulfur dioxid ( S02 )

Drying tower Soda lime Cl2 - H2O

Soda - asbestos Cl2 - H2O

C02 -Absorption about. 35 % of the
© Company name - 58

weight of the soda- asbestos filling

Molecular Sieve ( MS ) For the gases you can get also molecular sieve. It depends of the MS- type
which component can remove.

A01-58
 Pure
Pure gas
gas and
and Test
Test Gas
Gas
© Company name - 59

A01-59
 Pure gas and Test gas

Special gases

Pure gas Gas composition

Zero gas Operating gas

( for Zero adjustement) ( e.g. for detectors)
Carrier gas Test gas
( e.g. He or H2 for the gas chromatograph) ( for adjustement of
Purge gas Zero and Span)
© Company name - 60

A01-60
 Purity datas for gas

The purity of gas will be given in two numbers seperated with

a point. The digit before the point give the number of nine's,
the digit after the point the last numerical value.

Example : Argon 5.6 Purity 99 , 9996 Vol %

Nitrogen 5.0 Purity 99,999 Vol%

For some special application you get

Nitrogen without CO
Oxygen without HnCm

The expression means, that certainly component dosn't exist

in this pure gas.
© Company name - 61

A01-61
 Typical purities of pure gases

Gas name Nitrogen

Purity, Vol %
carrier gas [ ppm ]
O2
H2O
CnHm
Ar
CO
Halogenated HC

Pure- and Test gas Pure gas

N2 = Purge gas for the houses

H2 = Carrier gas for Gas chromatograph
Check of Burner gas at FID
Zero point and Span point
© Company name - 62

A01-62
 Bottles for Test gas
Synthetic Air
( 80 Vol % N2, 20 Vol % O2 )

Calibration- or Reference gas

for the O2- Measurement ( e.g. Magnos )

Pure gas
+ Steel bottles
Standard mixture

Steel- and
Pure gas
Aluminium bottles

critical Aluminium bottles

Test gas
© Company name - 63

Long term stability

A01-63
 Bottle - Certification

Analysis - Certification

Every test gas bottle has a Analysis Certification:

Following details you will find in the Certification:

Test gas composition

Error limit
Carrier gases
Long term stability ( 3 or 6 month ; 1 Year )
Bottle number
Order number
Storage temperature ( -10°C .. + 40 °C )
Operating temperature ( + 10 °C .. 40 °C )
© Company name - 64

A01-64
 Gas - manufacturing

What is source for the gas ?

Air seperation Nitrogen 78,09 Vol %

Oxygen 20,95 Vol %
Argon 00,93 Vol %
Neon 18 ppm
Krypton 1,1 ppm
Xenon 0,08 ppm

The other gases ( e.g. SO2 , CO , CO2 , NO , .... ) will be produced

technical processes in the chemical industrie.

What is the procedure to get gases with less purities ?

Air seperation plants produced liquid products with in following qualities :

Nitrogen 99, 8 Vol % ( N2 techn. )

Nitrogen 99, 9999 Vol % ( N2 6.0 )
© Company name - 65

A01-65
 Bottle preparation before filling

Nitrogen ( techn. ) und Oxgen ( techn. ) will filled in bottles

without surface treatment

Higher Product quality need more expenses

( e.g. Test - gases )

Bottle preparation
Specialm cleaning of the initial product
analytical supervision
analytical selection

Which gases are stable in one gas bottle?

© Company name - 66

A01-66
 Restriction at manufacturing of gas compositions

Where are the Technical Limits

Physikal Restriction

Liquids with a great vapor pressure or vapors dürfen can only filled
in a gas bottle up up to a defenite pressure. Under this condition you
have the guarentee that the component doesn't condensate.
Condensation caused a great error.

Chemical Restriction

Gases which started chemical reaction, are not allowed to mixted

the component in one gas bottle ( z.B. CO 2 + NH3 , SO2 + NH3 )

Safety Restriction

Mixtures of flammable gases and oxygen ( sythetic air ) are only

allowed to mix with a defined ratio ( g / kg ). This point must be far
away from LEL and UEL.
© Company name - 67

A01-67
 Tested gas compositions

Combination- possibilities for 2 admixtures + residual gas

CO CO2 SO2 O2 NO
CO yes yes inquire yes

CO2 yes yes yes yes

SO2 yes yes yes yes

O2 inquire yes yes no

NO yes yes yes no
© Company name - 68

A01-68
 Marking of gas bottles

Front view Top view Rear side

• Mindeststreckgrenze
• Tara- Gewicht ( mit Ventil, ohne Kappe
• Kennbuchstaben für Wärmebehandlung
ohne Verschlußmutter )
• Fassungsraum
Netto- Gewicht
• Prüfüberdruck
• Erstmalige Prüfung
• Leergewicht ( ohne Ventil u. Anstrich
• TÜV- Zeichen
• Bauart-Zulassungszeichen
• Datum ( Monat / Jahr ) o. Jahr d. nächsten
• Herstellerwerk
Prüfung.
• Herstellernummer
• Gasart
© Company name - 69

• Höchstzulässiger Überdruck bei 15 °C

A01-69
 Suitability - test for gas tubes

Purge valve

Inlet for pure Test tube 1 m

gas ( Air ) Diameter. Innerside = 4 mm
10 bar
O2 -
Analysator

Bypass tube for calibration

Material Inpurities caused by air

[ ppm O2 ]
Stainless steel 0
Cupper 0
20 µm hole
in Metalltube 20
Neopren 7
Polyäthylen 11
Teflon ( PTFE ) 13
© Company name - 70

Polyvinyl ( PVC ) 27
Rubber 40

A01-70
 Technics
Technics
© Company name - 71

A01-71
© Company name - 72

A01-72
© Company name - 73

A01-73
© Company name - 74

A01-74
© Company name - 75

A01-75
© Company name - 76

A01-76
© Company name - 77

A01-77