Chapter III:

Interrelated Scientific Principles

A presentation by:
Ma. Zarinna Franchesca Rivera
Bern Mikhan Castro
What is Science?
• It is the pursuit of facts through methods that either prove or contest a claim
• It is a collection of knowledge that has gone though rigorous experimentation and testing
• This collection of knowledge includes facts and studies about various topics such as
mathematics, chemistry and biology
The Scientific
Method
The scientific proceses
 The Scientific Method

It is the process that scientists and experts use to test a claim or their hypothesis

It involves several steps such as forming a hypothesis, performing experimentations, and

publication, that are needed to be done for a claim to be accepted
 The Scientific Method:
Process Recap
Observation Question Research

Remember that the

scientific method is a
Hypothesis complex and flexible
process rather than a
strict set of steps.

Experiment Analysis Conclusion

 Some relevant terms:
• Observation - the way we can perceive things.

• Hypothesis - a logical statement that answers an event, a question, or a phenomenon. It is

usually called an educated guess that is based on facts.

• Experimentation - situations or events created to prove or disprove hypotheses.

• Repeatability - a concept in experimentation to prove that a result is not biased and is

found to be true.
 Laws VS. Theories

Laws Theories
A hypothesis that has gone through countless A hypothesis that has also gone through
tests and experimentations and is considered countless experimentations but is impossible
to be a fact by the majority of experts to be proven true in any and every scenario

Examples:
Newton’s Law of Motion Examples:
Law of Mass Conservation The Theory of Evolution
Law of Energy Conservation The Big Bang Theory
The Cell theory
 Limitations of Science
• Experimentation Biases

• Objective not Subjective

• Reliability
 Matter
Anything that occupies space and has a mass

Can be weighted and has a volume

Chair Ai Water
r
Atoms

The building block of our universe

Small particles that are invisible to the naked

human eyes

Made up of smaller subatomic particles such as

protons, electrons, and neutrons
 Elements and Molecules
Elements Molecules
Are made up of atoms, however each element They are atoms that are chemically bonded,
has a different atom compared to others, they they could be atoms of same elements or of
differ in the number of their electrons, different elements
neutrons, and protons.
Examples: Examples:
Fe - Iron H2O - Water
Cu - Copper O2 - Oxygen Gas
Au - Gold N2 - Nitrogen Gas
Xe - Xenon CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
 Compounds and Mixtures
Compounds Mixtures
similar to a molecule but requires a is a combination of different elements or
combination of different kinds of atoms, some compounds that do not result in a chemical
examples would be methane and glucose bonding, thus no chemical reaction.

Examples: Examples:
H20 - Water Gravel
NaCl - Table Salt Salt water
NH3 - Nitric Acid Cement
KMnO4 - Potassium Permanganate Coffee
 Acids vs Bases
Acids Bases

Are types of compounds that releases or gives
off hydrogen ions (H+) when they are in a
solution, they can also be described as a
compound that receives the electrons when in
a solution
Are types of compounds that releases
hydroxyl ions (OH-) when in a solution, they
can also be described as electron donors
 Inorganic vs Organic matter
Organic Matter Inorganic Matter
They are derived from living organisms either as Substances that carries no living matter.
substances living organisms normally produce
like some specific sugars or derived from They are often manufactured.
inorganic materials
Inorganic matter includes plastics and some
Must be bonded with carbon and/or hydrogen metal alloys.
 Chemical Reaction
-is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical
substances to another.

Examples of Chemical Reaction:

-Burning fuels
-smelting iron
-making glass and pottery
-brewing beer
-making wine and cheese
 Chemical Bonds
-a connection between two surfaces or objects that have been joined together,
especially by means of an adhesive substance, heat, or pressure.

-hold atoms within a molecule together through electron interactions.

Chemical reactions occur when these bonds are broken or formed, resulting in a change in
energy.

-Burning natural gas, like methane, illustrates this process, where methane
and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy
as heat and light.
 Chemical Bonds

“When chemical bonds are broken, heat is absorbed, and when chemical
bonds are formed, heat is released”

Example of Exothermic reaction:

 Chemical Reaction in Living Things

Photosynthesis:
is a process by which phototrophs convert
light energy into chemical energy, which is
later used to fuel cellular activities. The
chemical energy is stored in the form of
sugars, which are created from water and
carbon dioxide.
 Chemical Reaction in Living Things
Respiration
-involves using oxygen to break down large
organic molecules (sugars, fats, proteins) into
smaller inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide,
water), releasing energy for organisms to use.

- All organisms require some form of respiration

to obtain the energy necessary for maintaining
life.
 Energy Principle
-Energy is the ability to perform work
-Work is done when an object is moved over a
distance
-Kinetic Energy- is the energy contained by
moving objects
-Potential Energy- is energy due to relative
position.
Types of Energy
 States of Matter
-The state of matter depends on the amount of energy
present
-The amount of kinetic energy contained in a
molecule determines how rapidly it moves
-Solids: Molecular particles have low energy and
vibrate in place very close to one another.
-Liquids: More Energy; molecules are farther apart
from one another
-Gases: Molecular particles move very rapidly and
are very far apart
 States of Matter

-Sensible heat transfer occurs when heat energy flows from

a warmer object to a cooler object.

-Latent heat transfer occurs when heat energy is used to change

the state of matter, but the temperature of matter does not
change.
 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
-Energy can be converted from one form to another, but
the amount remains constant.

-1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can

only be changed from one form to another
-2nd Law: When converting energy from one form to
another, some of the useful energy is lost

-Entropy is the energy cannot be used to do useful

work.
 Environmental Implication of Energy Flow
01. Entrophy Increases- Orderly arrangements of matter become disordered,
nonliving objects wear out and living things die and decompose.
02. Energy Quality- Some forms of energy are more useful to us than others.
Ex. Electrical Energy-High Quality
Ocean Heat‘s Energy-Low Quality
03. Biological Systems and Thermodynamics- Photosynthesis and Respiration:
All organisms are in the process of converting high-quality energy into low-
quality energy.
04. Pollution- Heat lost from most energy conversions is a Pollutants.

Less energy consumption = Less waste heat = Less pollution

The End