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SI units and density calculation

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 Objectives

2. . SI units

3. Calculate density

4. Define element, compound and molecules

5. Define Atoms and list the three main component of it

6. Define the atomic and mass number

7. Calculate the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons 2

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 The scientific method
• After defining a problem
–
METHODExperiments must be designed and conducted
– Measurements must be made
– Information must be collected
– Guidelines are then formulated based on a pool of observations
• Hypotheses (predictions) are made, using this data, and then tested, repeatedly.
• Hypotheses eventually evolve to become laws and these are modified as new data
become available
• An objective point of view is crucial in this process. Personal biases must not
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surface.
 Measurements

• An important part of most experiments involves the determination (often, the

estimation) of quantity, volume, dimensions, capacity, or extent of something

– these determinations are measurements

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SI units

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 SI units

SI base units SI derived units SI prefixes

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SI base Units

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 Derived SI units

Units are made of some combination of SI base units

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Derived SI units:

Definition Symbol Unit Property

Kg m/s2 N Newton Force

N /m2 or kg /m s2 Pa Pascal Pressure

Kg m2 /s2 or N m J Joule Energy

As c Coulomb Electrical charge

J/C V Volt Electrical potential

s/1 S-1 or Hz Hertz Frequency

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 SI prefixes

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 Prefix-Base Unit System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that
are appropriate for the item being measured.
Know these prefixes and conversions

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• Example 1:
• Convert 6.83 pm to meters
• Replace p with x 10-12

= 6.83 x 10-12
• Example 2:
• Convert 5.847 x 102 kjoules to joules
• Replace k with x103

= 5.847 x102 x 103 =5.847 x 105 J

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• See examples in page:17,18

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 Density calculations

• Density can be used to determine the identity of unknown substances

• Mass or volume of substance will vary from sample to sample

• Density will remain same at a given temperature

e.g. The density of water at room temperature (25 oC) is ~1.00 g/mL; at 100oC = 0.96 g/mL

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 Density:

Density does not have an assigned SI unit – it’s a

combination of mass and length SI components.

Mass (g)

Density Volume
(g/ml) (ml)

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• A student determine that a piece of an unknown material has a mass of 5.854g and a

volume of 7.57 cm3 what is the density ?

• Density = mass/volume

• Density = 5.57/ 7.57= 0.77331571994 g/cm3

• = 0.773 g/cm3

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Atoms

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 The modern atomic theory

Done by English school teacher John Dalton in 1808

Atomic theory has four assumptions:
1. Atoms make up all matter
2. The atoms of one element differ from the atoms of another
element
3. Atoms combine in definite ratios to make compounds
4. Combination of atoms in compounds can change only when a
chemical reaction happens

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Atoms are made of three particles:

• Protons (P+)

• Neutrons (N)

• Electrons (e-)

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Protons Neutrons Electrons

Located in Located in have a

the nucleus the nucleus negative
charge
Have a orbit the
Have no
positive nucleus of
charge
charge the atom
Have a Have a mass
are very small
mass of of one –
(have basically
similar to the
one proton
NO mass)

Number of electrons equal the number of protons

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 How to write elements symbols

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 Atomic Number (Z): is the number of protons in the nucleus of
the atom.

Z= n of p

• The number of protons (atomic number) determine the identity of

an element.

• Every element has its own unique atomic number

• Neutral atom : no of protons = no of electrons

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 Periodic table is arranged in sequence of increasing number of
electrons which is equal to atomic number

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 Mass Number (A):

• The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

A = no of p + no of N

• Massive particles in the nucleus of atom (protons and neutrons )

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 Summary

Number of neutron = A - Z
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 Ex: how many neutrons, electrons and protons are
in an atom of Sodium-23 23

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Na

Answer:

• Atomic number = 11

• So : no of p = 11

• no of e = 11

• number of neutrons = A – Z = 23 – 11 = 12
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Ex: how many neutrons, electrons and protons are in an atom
of sulfur S with mass number 33?

• The atomic number of sulfur is 16 so

• Number of neutrons = A – Z = 33 – 16 = 17

• Electrons = 16

• Protons = 16

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Ex: An atom contains 24 neutrons and 25 protons what is the
mass number?

• Mass number = no of p + no of N

• = 25 + 24 = 49
Ex: an atom with a mass number of 39 contains
20 neutrons. What is the atomic number and
identity of the element
Atomic number = 39 – 20 = 19 the identity is potassium because
k is element 19
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 Isotopes
of an element have
different mass numbers
because
they have
,different numbers of neutrons
but they have
.the same atomic number

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 Example:
Isotopes of Carbon and Hydrogen

Isotopes of Hydrogen
protium deuterium tritium
H H H

Istopes of Carbon

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  Atomic Mass: is the weighted average mass of all the naturally
occurring isotopes of that element.

 Atomic Mass Unit: is a unit used to compare the masses of atoms

and has the symbol u or amu.

1 amu or u: is approximately equal to the mass of a single proton or

neutron.

Chemists have defined the carbon-12 atom as having a mass of 12 atomic

mass units.

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 Average Atomic Mass

• The decimal number on periodic table

• Weighted average of all isotopes of an element

• Depends on percent (relative) abundance and mass of each isotope

• Measured in “atomic mass units” (amu)

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Example

• Element lithium have two isotopes one of them have Mass=6

amu and Relative Abundance= 7.5% while the second

Mass=7 amu and Relative Abundance=92.5%

• What is the average mass of lithium?

• First convert relative abundance to decimals

Eg: 7.5 0.075

92.5 0.925 36
 To solve example
Average atomic mass=
[(mass #1)x(abundance #1)] + [(mass #2)x(abundance
#2)]

(6 x .075) + (7 x .925)=

0.45 + 6.475=

6.925 amu

See examples of handout page 22 37

 Now You Try
 Identify the element and tell how many protons it has:

1) Atomic number 7 Nitrogen: 7 protons

2) Atomic Number 20 Calcium: 20 protons

• Identify the element and give its atomic number.

3) 15 protons Phosphorus: Atomic number 15
4) 4 protons Helium: Atomic Number 4
• Give the atomic number and number of protons.
5) potasium Atomic number 19; 19 protons
6) Sulfur Atomic number 16; 16 protons 38
The periodic table
Periods (rows)

Groups
(column)

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• Different rows in the periodic table are called periods

• The number of electrons in a period increases as one traverse down

the periodic table

• Elements lie in the same column on periodic table are called a

group and behave in a similar fashion chemically

• All group 18 elements are inert gases (noble gases)

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Thanks

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