THE CELL CYCLE

Cell cycle

The cell cycle is the process a cell

undertakes to replicate all of its genetic
material and divide into two identical
cells. In this article, we will look at the
different stages of this and what
happens in each stage. We will also
consider the regulation of the cell cycle,
and look at some examples of its
dysregulation.
Phases of the Cell Cycle.
The cell cycle is a 4-stage process

consisting of Gap 1 (G1)

synthesis (S)
Gap 2 (G2)
and mitosis (M)

which a cell undergoes as it grows and divides.

FLOW OF DISCUSSION
1.Overview of the cell cycle.
G1phase
S phase Interphase

G2 phase.

Mitosis phase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
cytokinesis

Meiosis
G1 phase
⚫ Cell increases in size
⚫ Cellular contents are duplicated M phase
S phase ⚫ Mitosis followed by
⚫ DNA replication cytokinesis (cell separation)
⚫ Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is ⚫ Formation of two identical
replicated by the cell daughter cells
G2 phase
⚫ Cell grows more
⚫ Organelles and proteins develop in
preparation for cell division
Growth Phase 1 (G1):

The cell spends most of its

life in the first gap
(sometimes referred to as
growth) phase, G1.
Synthesis Phase (S):

Dividing cells enter the Synthesis (S)

phase from G₁. For two genetically
identical daughter cells to be formed,
the cell's DNA must be copied
through DNA replication.
GROWTH PHASE 2 (G2):

The second gap (growth) (G2)

phase is a shortened growth
period in which many organelles
are reproduced or manufactured.
M PHASE

This is the most dramatic

period of the cell cycle,
involving a major
reorganization of virtually all
components of the cell.
Mitosis is divided into the following four
stages:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase
 Prophase
Prophase which is the first stage
of mitosis follows the S and G,
phases of Interphase. In the S and
G, phases the new DNA
molecules formed are not distinct
but intertwined. The thin and
long chromatin strands at inter
phase now undergo coiling.
Metaphase
The complete disintegration of the
nuclear envelope marks the start of
the second phase of mitosis, hence
the chromosomes are spread
through the cytoplasm of the cell.
Chromosome align themselves
along the equatorial plate.
Anaphase
At the onset of anaphase, each
chromosome arranged at the metaphase
plate is split simultaneously and the two
daughter chromatids, now referred to as
chromosomes of the future daughter
nuclei, begin their migration towards the
two opposite poles. Spindle fiber pull the
chromatids away from each other.
Telophase
At the beginning of the final stage
of mitosis, telophase, the
chromosomes that have reached
their respective polesdecondense
and lose their individuality. Single
stranded chromatids aggregate at
the two poles and may begin to
uncoil.
CYTOKINESIS
In an animal cell, this is
achieved by the appearance of a
furrow in the plasma membrane.
The furrow gradually deepens
and ultimately joins in the
centre dividing the cell
cytoplasm into two.
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
All the cells in the
body of an organism
arise through
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
The production of offspring by sexual reproduction
includes the fusion of two gametes, each with a complete
haploid set of chromosomes. Gametes are formed from
specialised diploid cells. This specialised kind of cell
division that reduces the chromosome number by half
results in the production of haploid daughter cells. This
kind of division is called meiosis.
Thank you everyone