ELEC1207 Communications

1-14 Satellite communications

Speed of light = 3x108 m/s

Geostationary orbit = 3.6x107 m

Circumference of the Earth = 4x107 m

Circumference of geostationary orbit = 2.7x108 m

2-13 White Gaussian Noise

Gaussian distribution
(rotated by 90O)
3-1 Modulation modulation

family tree
baseband carrier

analogue discrete digital analogue digital

PAM NRZ non-coherent coherent non-coherent coherent

undermodulated ASK PSK

PDM Manchester PM
AM

FSK QAM

PPM FM DSBSC

QAM

SSBSC

ISB

VSB
 3-4 Coherent and non-coherent modulation

1 ms

Amplitude = 1 V
Frequency = 1 kHz
2V Phase = ???
3-7 Linearly varied gain modulator

DC offset is
Modulation sensitivity is
4-2 Modulation index for cos message in AM

when the message is a sinusoid.

4-6 Ohm’s law and power
4-9 AM for sum of sinusoids
4-10 AM for sum of sinusoids with phase
5-7 Amplitude modulation index
Vam(t) = (Vc+Vmcos(2 pi fm t))cos(2 pi fc t)

Undermodulation 100% modulation Overmodulation DSBSC

Vc > Vm Vc = Vm 0 < V c < Vm Vc = 0
 6-17 Variants of AM
Variant Number of Bandwidth Bandwidth Power Non- Effect of
signals efficient? efficient? coherent? phase error?
Undermodulated AM 1 2B No No Yes N/A
DSBSC 1 2B No Yes No attenuation
QAM 2 2max(B1,B2) Nearly Yes No interference
SSBSC 1 B Yes Yes No Phase error
ISB 2 B1+B2 Yes Yes No Phase error
VSB 1 B + a little bit Nearly Yes No Phase error
 6-4 Spectra of QAM
A1(f) ADSB1(f)

B1 f fc-B1 fc fc+B1 f
AQAM(f)
2B1

A2(f) ADSB2(f)
fc-B2 fc fc+B2 f

2max(B1,B2)

B2 f fc-B2 fc fc+B2 f

2B2
6-5 Trigonometric identities
6-8 Effect of phase error in QAM
7-7 Fourier series of sampling

 baseband

 DSBSC

 DSBSC

 DSBSC
7-16 CD audio

20 kHz is highest frequency heard by human ear

44.1 kHz is the sampling frequency used by CD audio
Stereo audio has 2 channels – left and right
16-bit PCM is used to represent each sample – 65k quantisation levels
44.1 kHz x 2 x 16 = 1.4 Mbps
Each bit has a duration of 0.7 us
8-5 QPSK
01

10 00

11
8-15 ADC and digital modulation
9-4 Gray coded 8PSK
011
010 001

110 000

111 100

101
9-5 Bandwidth of digital carrier modulation

Bit rate Modulation Symbol rate Bandwidth

1 Mbps BPSK 1 million per 1 MHz
second
2 Mbps QPSK 1 million per 1 MHz
second
3 Mbps 8PSK 1 million per 1 MHz
second
4 Mbps 16QAM 1 million per 1 MHz
second