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Krugman Unit Three Modules 10-15
Krugman Unit Three Modules 10-15
Dr. Flores
MEASURING ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
KRUGMAN MODULES 10-15
For all countries there are three major
economic goals:
1. Promote Economic Growth
2. Limit Unemployment
3. Keep Prices Stable (Limit Inflation)
2
There are 4 keys to the Unit
• 1. Circular Flow Diagrams
– (Module 10)
• 2. Gross Domestic Production (GDP)
• Module 10 & 11
• 3. Unemployment
– (Module 12 & 13)
• 4. Inflation
– (Module 14 & 15)
• Economists collect statistics on production,
income, investment, and savings.
• This is called national income accounting.
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1. Expenditures Approach-Add up all the
spending on final goods and services
produced in a given year.
GDP = C + I + G + X - M (exports-imports)
C IS CONSUMER SPENDING
I IS INVESTMENT SPENDING
G IS GOVERNMENT PURCHASES OF GOODS
AND SERVICES
XN IS EXPORTS - IMPORTS
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2. Income Approach-Add up all the
income that resulted from selling all
final goods and services produced in a
given year.
In other words, add up all the income
earned by producers in the nation and that
must equal the value of the products that
they sold
10
• 3. PRODUCT APPROACH (aka net product or value
added)
20
Real Box Office Receipts (adjusted for inflation)
Real GDP “deflates” nominal GDP by adjusting for
inflation in terms of a base year prices.
22
% change GDP = yr2-yr1 x100 so real GDP yr2 (P1xQ2) – yr1 (P1xQ1) x 100
yr1 year 1(P1xQ1)
Show how full GDP arrived at for both years and then show how arrive at % change.
Does GDP accurately measure
standard of living?
Standard of living (or quality of life) can be
measured, in part, by how well the economy is
doing…but it does not measure a nation’s
happiness just output
HOW TO CALCULATE UNEMPLOYMENT
• Rule: Unemployed are those who are jobless,
looking for work and available to work.
– IF NOT SEEKING WORK THEN NOT COUNTED AS
UNEMPLOYED
• Survey of 60K people done once a month
• LABOR FORCE = total of those actually
employed and those who are unemployed
Examples:
• Professional Santa Clause Impersonators
28
#2. Structural Unemployment
30
#3 Cyclical Unemployment
• Unemployment that results from economic
downturns (recessions).
• As demand for goods and services falls,
demand for labor falls and workers are fired.
Examples:
• Steel workers laid off during recessions.
• Restaurant owners fire waiters after months
of poor sales due to recession.
This
sucks!
31
The Natural Rate of Unemployment (NRU)
Examples:
• Bolivia, Peru, Brazil
• Germany after WWI
This is known as Hyper
Inflation
----------------------------
Zimbabwe, 2008
Annual Inflation Rate-
79,600,000,000%
Time for Prices to Double-
24.7 hours
What would happen if the government printed
money to pay off the national debt all at once?
Quantity Theory of Money
Examples:
• Hurricane Katrina destroyed oil refineries and
caused gas prices to go up. Companies that use gas
then increased their prices.
Hurt by Inflation Helped by Inflation
• Lenders-People who • Borrowers-People
lend money (at fixed who borrow money
interest rates) • A business where the
• People with fixed price of the product
incomes increases faster than
• Savers the price of resources
Cost-of-Living-Adjustment (COLA)
Some works have salaries that mirror inflation.
They negotiated wages that rise with inflation
Identify which people are helped and which are
hurt by unanticipated inflation?
CPI = x 100
Price of market basket
Price of market
basket in base year
Inflation Rate
=
Year 2 - Year 1
% Change X 100
Year 1
in Prices
GDP Deflator: (Nominal GDP/Real GDP) X 100
Def 2 : (Nom GDP 2/ Real GDP2) X 100= (50/40) x100 =125
Def 3 : (Nom GDP 3/ Real GDP3) X 100= (90/60) x100 =150
Practice
Real, Consumer Price Index
Units of Price Nominal, GDP (Year 3 as Base Year)
Output Per Unit GDP
Year
1 5 $6 $30 $50 60
2 10 8 80 100 80
3 20 10 200 200 100
4 40 12 480 400 120
5 50 14 700 500 140
Make year three the base year
Price of market basket in
Nominal GDP
GDP
Deflator = Real GDP
x 100
If the nominal GDP in ’09 was 25 and the real GDP
(compared to a base year) was 20 how much is the
GDP Deflator?
Calculating GDP Deflator
Nominal GDP
GDP
Deflator = Real GDP
x 100