BONE

EBK
 Definition
• Highly specialized supporting tissue
characterized by rigid and hard
intercellular material – bone matrix
• It is highly vascular
• Metabolically very active
• It is not static but highly dynamic
 Functions

• Mechanical support
• Protects vital organs
• Locomotion
• Metabolic reservoir – calcium, phosphates
• Bone marrow for heamopoesis
 Composition

• Supporting cells
• Non-mineral matrix or organic part
collagen and GAGs
• Inorganic mineral salts deposited within
the matrix
• Remodelling cells
 Supporting cells
• Osteoblasts & osteocytes
• Osteoblasts synthesize the organic
component of the matrix and become
enclosed by the matrix around and
become osteocytes
• Osteocytes are found in cavities - lacunae
• Osteoblasts deposit collagen type I,
proteoglycans and glycoproteins
• Deposition of the inorganic component
depends on the presence of viable
osteoblasts
• Located on the surface of bone side by
side like an simple epithelium
• Active cells are cuboidal or columnar with
basophilic cytoplasm
• Reduced activity cells are flattened and
less basophilic
• Osteoblast that get surrounded by matrix
become osteocytes
• Cavities are called lacunae
• Cytoplasmic extensions through small
channels called canaliculi
• Bone formed is not calcified – osteoid
• Bone turnover more in children
 Osteoid and bone matrix
• 90% collagen
• Defects in collagen may cause bone
fragility
• Bone proteins osteocalcin osteonectin
have affinity for calcium
• Depostion may be regular pattern or
haphazard
• Excess osteoid seen in pathological
conditions
 osteocytes
• Derived from osteoblasts
• Found in lacunae
• One cell per lacuna
• Cytoplasmic extensions in canaliculi
• Contacts other cells by gap junctions
• Maintenance of bone matrix
 Bone matrix
• Organic component
• Inorganic component
• Hydroxyapatite crystals Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
 osteoclasts
• Large multinucleated cells
• 5 – 50 nuclei
• Resorption of bone
• Ruffled border in Howship’s lacunae
• Hormones from thyroid gland and
parathyroid
• Osteoclast stimulating factor
 Periosteum & endosteum
• Periosteum
• Sharpey’ s fibers
• Osteoprogenitor cells
 Types of bone
• Gross observation – compact and
cancellous(spongy)
• Histologically compact and spongy has
same structure
 Types of (gross) bones
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• sesamoid
 Terminology

• Long bones
• Diaphysis- shaft
• Epiphysis
• Marrow cavity
• Bone marrow 2 kinds red and yellow
 Histological varieties of bone
• Immature, primary or woven
• Mature, secondary or lamellar
 Primary bone
• First bone to appear
• Temporal replaced in adults by mature
bone except near sutures, tooth sockets &
insertion of tendons
• Collagen fibers arranged randomly
• Small mineral content (X rays)
• High proportion of osteocytes
 Secondary bone
• Usually found in adults
• Collagen fibers arranged in lamellae
• Parallel/concentrically around a vascular
canal
• Complex of concentric lamellae –
Haversian system/osteon
Osteons are dynamic and old ones
are removed and new ones formed
 Histogenesis
• Intramembranous ossification
• Endochondral ossification
• Woven bone first
• Secondary bone later
• remodelling
 Intramembranous ossification
• Flat bones
• Mesenchymal tissue condensation
• Primary ossification centre
• Differentiation of cells to osteoblasts
 Endochondral ossification
• Cartilage model (hyaline)
• Bone collar
• Degeneration of cartilage
• Primary ossification center
• Secondary ossification center
 Epiphyseal plate
• Resting zone
• Proliferative zone
• Hypertrophic zone
• Calcification zone
• Ossification zone
Fracture repair
 Applied anatomy
• Hormones
• Nutritional deficencies
• Disuse effects
• Bone tumours