HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Week 4: Tissues

PREPARED BY: JOHN PAOLO A. RAMIREZ

 TISSUE
• Tissues are groups of similar cells that have
a common function. The four basic tissue
types are epithelial, muscle, connective, and
nervous tissue. Each tissue type has a
characteristic role in the body:
• Epithelium covers the body surface and
lines body cavities.
• Connective tissue supports and protects
body organs.
• Muscle is excitable, responding to
stimulation and contracting to provide
movement, and occurs as three major types
• Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid
internal communication by transmitting
electrical impulses.
 EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body.
They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body
cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in
glands. They perform a variety of functions that
include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion,
filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• General Characteristics:
• Cover organs and the body
• Line body cavities
• Line hollow organs
• Have a free surface
• Have a basement membrane
• Are avascular
• Cells readily divide
• Cells tightly packed
• Cells often have desmosomes
• Function in protection, secretion,
absorption, and excretion
• Classified according to cell shape
and number of cell layers
 Intercellular junctions are specialized regions of contact between the
Intercellular plasma membranes of adjacent cells. They are essential to any
multicellular organism, providing the structural means by which groups
Junctions of cells can adhere and interact.

Tight junctions
• Close space between cells
• Located among cells that form linings
Desmosomes
• Form “spot welds” between cells
• Located among outer skin cells
Gap junctions
• Tubular channels between cells
• Located in cardiac muscle cells
Hemidesmosome
• a specialization of the plasma
membrane of an epithelial cell that is
similar to half a desmosome and
serves to connect the basal surface of
the cell to the basement membrane
Epithelial tissue are classified
according to cell shape and
number of cell layers.
 Simple squamous
• Single layer of flat cells
• Substances pass easily
through
• Line air sacs
• Line blood vessels
• Line lymphatic vessels
Simple cuboidal
• The important functions of the
simple cuboidal epithelium
are secretion and absorption.
• found in the small collecting
ducts of the kidneys, pancreas,
and salivary glands.
• Single layer of cube-shaped cells
• Line kidney tubules
• Cover ovaries
• Line ducts of some glands
Renal Corpuscle
This is an H&E-stained image of the
glomerulus. Identify the mesangial
cells of the glomerulus and the
podocytes of the visceral layer of
Bowman’s capsule. Identify the
squamous epithelial cells of the
parietal layer. Note that the parietal
layer is continuous with the cells of
the proximal convoluted tubule and
the epithelium changes from
squamous to cuboidal. The cells of
the proximal convoluted tubule also
have fine brush border on their apical
surface.
Simple columnar

• Single layer of elongated cells

• Nuclei usually near the basement
• Membrane at same level
• Sometimes possess cilia
• Sometimes possess microvilli
• Often have goblet cells
• Line uterus, stomach, intestines
 Stratified
squamous
• Many cell layers
• Top cells are flat
• Can accumulate
keratin
• Outer layer of skin
• Line oral cavity,
vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal

• 2-3 layers
• Cube-shaped cells
• Line ducts of
mammary glands,
sweat glands, salivary
glands, and the
pancreas
 Stratified
columnar
• Top layer of elongated
cells
• Cube-shaped cells in
deeper layers
• Line part of male urethra
and part of pharynx
• The stratified columnar
epithelium is involved
primarily in providing
protection and secretion
 Pseudostratified Columnar

• Single layer of elongated

cells
• Nuclei at two or more
levels
• Appear striated
• Often have cilia
• Often have goblet cells
• Line respiratory
passageways
 Transitional
• Many cell layers
• Cube-shaped and elongated cells
• Line urinary bladder, ureters, and
part of urethra
• The transitional epithelium
cells stretch readily in order to
accommodate fluctuation of volume
of the liquid in an organ.
 GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• Glandular epithelium is an epithelial tissue involved in the production and
release of different secretory products (e.g. sweat, saliva, mucus, digestive
enzymes, hormones etc.). Examples of endocrine glands include the
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands.
• glands can be classified as exocrine or endocrine according to the
presence or absence of ducts, respectively.
• Exocrine glands release their secretory products into a duct which opens
into a specific part of the body (e.g. skin, stomach, respiratory tract)
• Endocrine glands release their secretory products, also known as
hormones, into nearby blood vessels, from where they can travel to other
parts of the body.
Structural type
f exocrine
land
Structural type of exocrine gland
Endocrine Secretion
Glandular
secretion
• Merocrine Glands
• Fluid product
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas gland (?)
• Sweat glands
• Serous Fluid
• Mucus
• Apocrine Glands
• Cellular product
• Portions of cells
• Mammary glands
• Ceruminous glands
• Holocrine Glands
• Secretory products
• Whole cells
• Sebaceous glands
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and
organs in the body. Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a
gel-like substance. Types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage,
fat, blood, and lymphatic tissue
• Connective tissue has three main
components:
• Ground substance
• Fibers
• Cells

• Together the ground substance and

fibers make up the extracellular
matrix. The composition of these
three elements vary tremendously
from one organ to the other. This
offers great diversity in the types of
connective tissue.
Connective tissue is divided into
four main categories:
• Connective proper
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective Tissue
Special Connective Tissue
Proper
Loose Dense
Connective Connective Fluid Connective Tissue Supportive Connective Tissue
Tissue Tissue

Areolar,
Regular and
Adipose, Blood Lymph Cartilage Bone
Irregular
Reticular

Hyaline, Compact and

Fibrocartilage, Cancellous
and Elastic Bone
 Connective Tissue Proper
• Fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells are fixed cells, which means they
remain within the connective tissue.
• The most abundant cell in connective tissue proper is the fibroblast.
• Fibrocyte is a less active form of fibroblast, is the second most common cell type in
connective tissue proper.
• Adipocytes are cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm.
There are two basic types of adipocytes: white and brown. The brown adipocytes
store lipids as many droplets, and have high metabolic activity. In contrast, white fat
adipocytes store lipids as a single large drop and are metabolically less active.
• mesenchymal cell is a multipotent adult stem cell. These cells can differentiate into
any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair and healing of damaged tissue.
• Macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and phagocytic cells are
found in connective tissue proper but are actually part of the immune system
protecting the body.
Connective Tissue Proper
Three main types of fibers
are secreted by
fibroblasts:
•Reticular fibers
• Very thin collagenous fibers
• Highly branched
• Form supportive networks

• Collagenous fibers
• Thick
• Composed of collagen
• Great tensile strength
• Abundant in dense CT
• Hold structures together
• Tendons, ligaments

•Elastic fibers
• Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
• Fibers branch
• Elastic
• Vocal cords, air passages
Loose Connective Loose connective tissue is found between many organs where
it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues together. It allows

Tissue water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to

adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues.

Adipose Tissue Areolar Tissue Reticular Tissue

 Their function is to create the collagen fibers of the
Dense Connective tissue. The main roles of dense CT are to transmit forces

Tissue over a distance and to connect different organs/muscles.

Collagen fibers are disposed along the direction of
mechanical loads present in that specific tissue

Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue

 • Bone is the hardest connective tissue.

Bone • It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body.

• Can Either be Spongy or Compact
 Hyaline, or articular, cartilage covers the ends of bones to create
a low-friction environment and cushion at the joint surface.
Cartilage When cartilage in the joint is healthy, it effectively allows fluid
bending/straightening motions and protects the joint against
weight-bearing stresses.
Blood and Lymph
MUSCLE TISSUE
Muscle
Tissue
 Nervous
Tissues
• Two main classes of cells make up
nervous tissue: the neuron and
neuroglia.

• Neurons propagate information via

electrochemical impulses, called
action potentials, which are
biochemically linked to the release
of chemical signals.

• Neuroglia play an essential role in

supporting neurons and
modulating their information
propagation.
Thank you