HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Week 1: Introduction
Anatom
y

Physiology
 While human Anatomy
anatomy is the
study of the
body's
structures,
physiology is the
study of how Physiology
those structures
work.
 Anatomy & Morphology

Anatomy studies the presence of structures

while morphology studies the relationships of structures.
Anatomy is a subdivision of morphology, whereas
morphology is a branch of biology.
Subdivision

of
Anatomy
 Subdivision of Anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

 Subdivision of Anatomy
REGIONAL ANATOMY
Subdivision of Anatomy
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
Subdivision of Anatomy
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Subdivision of Anatomy
CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
Subdivision of Anatomy
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Subdivision of Anatomy
EMBRYOLOGICAL ANATOMY
 Subdivision of Physiology
• SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY : study of the function of the systems like
endochrinology, cardiovascular physiology, renal physiology and others.

• CELL PHYSIOLOGY: Study FUNCTION of the CELL.

• NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: Study the FUNCTION of NERVE CELLS.

• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: a convergence of pathology with physiology – is the

study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or
are otherwise associated with a disease or injury
Organization
of
the
Human
Body
 The Basic
Processes of Life
 The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism,
responsiveness, movements, and reproduction. In humans, who
represent the most complex form of life, there are additional
requirements such as growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion,
and excretion. All of these processes are interrelated.
Physiological processes
• Physiological processes are the ways in which organ systems, organs,
tissues, cells, and biomolecules work together to accomplish the
complex goal of sustaining life. Physiological mechanisms are the
smaller physical and chemical events that make up a larger
physiological process.
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
 Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
• Water
- one-fifth of air
- most abundant substance in body - used to release energy from nutrients
- required for metabolic processes • Heat
- required for transport of substances - form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
- regulates body temperature • Pressure
• Food - application of force on an object
- provides necessary nutrients - atmospheric pressure – important for
- supplies energy breathing
- supplies raw materials - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
 HOMEOSTASIS

A property of cells, tissues, and organisms that allows

the maintenance and regulation of the stability and
constancy needed to function properly. Homeostasis is
a healthy state that is maintained by the constant
adjustment of biochemical and physiological pathways.
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal
environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.
 Homeostasis is any self-
regulating process by which an
organism tends to maintain
stability while adjusting to
conditions that are best for its
survival. If homeostasis is
successful, life continues; if it's
unsuccessful, it results in a
disaster or death of the
organism.
Positive feedback
loops enhance or
amplify changes; this
tends to move a system
away from its
equilibrium state and
make it more unstable.

Negative feedbacks
tend to dampen or
buffer changes; this
tends to hold a system
to some equilibrium
state making it more
stable.
• This positive feedback loop continues
until the baby is born. Normal
childbirth is driven by a positive
feedback loop. A positive feedback
loop results in a change in the body's
status, rather than a return to
homeostasis.
• The release of oxytocin from the
posterior pituitary gland during labor is
an example of positive feedback
mechanism. Oxytocin stimulates the
muscle contractions that push the baby
through the birth canal. The release of
oxytocin result in stronger or
augmented contractions during labor
Anatomical
Terms
Distal refers to sites located
away from a specific area,
most often the center of the
body.

The thumb is distal to the

wrist. Distal is the opposite
of proximal. Distal refers to
distance, while proximal
indicates proximity.

Proximal - toward or nearest

the trunk or the point of
origin of a part (example,
the proximal end of the
femur joins with the pelvic
bone)
Anterior refers to the
'front', and posterior
refers to the 'back'.
Putting this in context,
the heart is posterior
to the sternum
because it lies behind
it. Equally, the
sternum is anterior to
the heart because it
lies in front of it.
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A
vertical plane running from front to back;
divides the body or any of its parts into
right and left sides

The transverse plane or axial plane

(also called the horizontal plane or
transaxial plane) is an imaginary plane
that divides the body into superior and
inferior parts

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A

vertical plane running from side to side;
divides the body or any of its parts into
anterior and posterior portions.
 Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane

A section along Transverse

the (horizontal)
median plane plane

A section along a
transverse
plane

Frontal
(coronal)
plane

A section along a
frontal
plane
 L
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n
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Cross-section e sec a
l i qu l
Ob

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 Abdominal
Subdivisions
 Thank You
for Listening