Solutions & colligative properties

Introduction

In normal life we rarely come across pure substances. Most of these

are mixtures containing two or more pure substances. Their utility or
importance in life depends on their composition.
 Examples:
• The air around us is a mixture of gases primarily oxygen & nitrogen.
• The water we drink contains very small amounts of various salts dissolved in it.
• Our blood is a mixture of different components.
• Alloys such as brass, bronze, stainless steel, etc
 Solutions :

• A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components

• For Example: Common Salt in water
 Classifications
• Solutions which contain two components in it are called as Binary Solutions.

• Substances which are used to prepare a solution are called as Components.

• The component that is present in the largest quantity is known as Solvent.
• The other component present in lesser quantity is termed as Solute.

Each component may be solid, liquid or in gaseous state.

Colligative properties:

• The properties that are dependent on the number of solute particles,

irrespective of their nature relative to the total number of particles present
in the solution are called colligative properties
There are four colligative properties
1. Relative Lowering Vapour Pressure.
2. Elevation In Boiling Point.
3. Depression In Freezing Point.
4. Osmotic Pressure,
Relative lowering vapour pressure

The lowering of vapour pressure with respect to the

vapour pressure of the pure solvent is called “Relative
Lowering In Vapour Pressure”.
Elevation in boiling point :

• The increase in boiling point Tb = Tb – 0 Tb where 0 Tb is the boiling point of pure solvent and Tb is
the boiling point of solution is known as elevation of boiling point.
• Expression :
Tb = Kb m
• Kb is called Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation Constant (Ebullioscopic Constant).
Depression in freezing point:

• Tf = Tf0 – Tf where 0 Tf is the freezing point of pure solvent and Tf is its freezing point
when non-volatile solute is dissolved is known as depression in freezing point.
• Expression :
Tf = Kf m

• Kf is known as Freezing Point Depression Constant or Molal Depression Constant or

Cryoscopic Constant.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the passage of water and small molecules
across a semipermeable membrane with a net flow
from a less concentrated solution to a more
concentrated solution.
 Osmotic pressure

• The amount of force applied to a solution that prevents solvent from moving across
semipermeable membrane is called as osmotic pressure.
• Expression:
=CRT
Types of solutions due to osmotic pressure

• Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called
Isotonic solutions.
• The solution with lower concentration or lower osmotic pressure is known as
‘Hypotonic’ with respect to dilute solution.
• The solution with higher concentration or higher osmotic pressure is known as
‘Hypertonic’ with respect to dilute solution.
THANK YOU !
Presentation Given By ,

Binita Chauhan (103-a)