MILITARY HISTORY

EVOLUTION
CLASSROOM RULES:

Just proceed Stand or keep

to the yourself
restroom. awake.
 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this session, the student(s) must be

able to explain the importance of Military History.
 SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME

 WORLD WAR I ARMIES
 WORLD WAR II ARMIES
 CONTEMPOTARY ARMIES
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The military of ancient Rome, according to
Titus Livius, one of the more illustrious historians of
Rome over the centuries, was a key element in the
rise of Rome over “above seven hundred years”[1]
from a small settlement in Latium to the capital of an
empire governing a wide region around the shores
of the Mediterranean, or, as the Romans
themselves said, ‘’mare nostrum’’, “our sea". Livy
asserts:.
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Titus Flavius Josephus, a contemporary
historian, sometime high-ranking officer in the
Roman army, and commander of the rebels in the
Jewish revolt describes the Roman people as if they
were "born readily armed."[2] At the time of the
two historians, Roman society had already evolved
an effective military and had used it to defend itself
against the Etruscans, the Italics, the Greeks, the
Gauls, the maritime empire of Carthage, and the
Macedonian kingdoms
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The role and structure of the military were
then altered during the empire. It became less
Roman, the duties of border protection and
territorial administration being more and more taken
by foreign mercenaries officered by Romans. When
they divided at last into warring factions the empire
fell, unable to keep out invading armies.
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The military's campaign history stretched
over 1300 years and saw Roman armies
campaigning as far east as Parthia (modern-day
Iran), as far south as Africa (modern-day Tunisia)
and Aegyptus (modern-day Egypt) and as far north
as Britannia (modern-day England, south Scotland,
and Wales).
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Population base of the early empire: At its
territorial height, the Roman Empire may have
contained between 45 million and 120 million
people.
Recruitment: Initially, Rome's military
consisted of an annual citizen levy performing
military service as part of their duty to the
state.
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Military subculture: The British historian
Peter Heather describes Roman military culture as
being "just like the Marines, but much nastier".[6]
The army did not provide much social mobility, and
it also took quite some time to complete one's
service..
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Capabilities: The military capability of Rome –
its preparedness or readiness – was always
primarily based upon the maintenance of an active
fighting force acting either at or beyond its military
frontiers, something that historian Luttwak refers to
as a "thin linear perimeter.
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The Roman military readily adopted types of
arms and armor that were effectively used against
them by their enemies. Initially, Roman troops were
armed after Greek and Etruscan models, using
large oval shields and long pikes.
 THE CRUSADES: CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE
have become one of the defining events of the
Middle Ages in both Europe and the Middle East.

The impact of the Crusades may thus be

summarized in general terms as:
 an increased presence of Christians in the Levant
during the Middle Ages.
 the development of military orders.
 a polarization of the East and West based on
religious differences.
 THE CRUSADES: CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
 the increased role and prestige of the popes and
the Catholic Church in secular affairs..
 the souring of relations between the West and the
Byzantine Empire leading, ultimately, to the
latter’s destruction.
 an increase in the power of the royal houses of
Europe.
 THE CRUSADES: CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
 a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.
 an increase in xenophobia and intolerance
between Christians and Muslims, and between
Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans.
 an increase in international trade and exchange
of ideas and technology.
 an increase in the power of such Italian states as
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
 the appropriation of many Christian relics to
Europe.
 the use of a religious historical precedent to
justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism.
 MIDDLE EAST & MUSLIM WORLD
The immediate geopolitical results of the crusades
was the recapture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099
CE, but to ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian
hands it was necessary that various western
settlements were established in the Levant
(collectively known as the Latin East, the Crusader
States or Outremer).
 THE SPREAD OF THE CRUSADES
The success of the First Crusade and the image
that popes directed the affairs of the whole Christian
world helped the Papacy gain supremacy over the
Hohenstaufen emperors. The Catholic Church had
also created a new fast-track entry into heaven with
the promise that crusaders would enjoy an
immediate remission of their sins - military service
and penance were intermixed so that crusading
became an act of devotion.
 BYZANTINE EMPIRE
. The situation culminated in the shocking sacking of
Constantinople on 1204 CE during the Fourth
Crusade, which also saw the appropriation of art
and religious relics by European powers. The
Empire became so debilitated it could offer little
resistance to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE.
.
 EUROPE
. The situation culminated in the shocking sacking of
Constantinople on 1204 CE during the Fourth
Crusade, which also saw the appropriation of art
and religious relics by European powers. The
Empire became so debilitated it could offer little
resistance to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE.
.
 INTRO TO MODERN ERA
. The crusades cast a very long shadow indeed,
with works of art, literature and even wars endlessly
recalling the imagery, ideals, successes and
disasters of the holy wars into the 21st century CE.
.
 NAPOLEONIC WARS
The Napoleonic Wars were wars which were
fought during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over
France. They started after the French Revolution
ended and Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in
France in November 1799. War began between the
United Kingdom and France in 1803. This
happened when the Treaty of Amiens ended in
1802.
.
.
 1805-1812: NAPOLEONIC CONQUEST OF EUROPE
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was
crowned Emperor of the French at Notre Dame de
Paris. The following year, the Third Coalition
started. In response, Napoleon crowned himself
King of Italy. The Austrian Emperor, Franz I, angrily
declared war on Napoleon, beginning the War of the
Third Coalition..
.
.
 1812: Invasion of Russia/The War of 1812
Napoleon staged a French invasion of Russia
in 1812 just as the United States and Britain started
the War of 1812. It was in Russia that Napoleon
was first checked in his conquest of Europe, at the
huge Battle of Borodino.
.
 1813-1814: Battle of Leipzig and First Restoration
The British, Spanish, and Portuguese had
pushed Napoleon's forces out of Spain following the
Battle of Vitoria. The Allies (consisting of Great
Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) defeated
Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig and captured Paris
in 1814..
.
 1815: Battle of Waterloo and Hundred Days
Napoleon was later exiled to Elba and was
nearly assassinated. But then he and 200 other
men escaped back to Paris and forced Louis XVIII
off the throne, beginning Hundred Days
.
 SUN TZU
Sun Tzu (Chinese: 孫子 ; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) was a
Chinese general, military strategist, writer and
philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of
ancient China. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as
the author of The Art of War, an influential work of
military strategy that has affected both Western and
East Asian philosophy and military thinking.
.
 THE ART OF WAR
The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun
Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing
conflicts and winning battles.
.
 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
American Civil War, also called War Between
the States, four-year war (1861–65) between the
United States and 11 Southern states that seceded
from the Union and formed the Confederate States
of America.
.
 THE LAND WAR (The war in 1861)
The first military operations took place in
northwestern Virginia, where non slaveholding pro-
Union Virginians sought to secede from the
Confederacy. McClellan, in command of Federal
forces in southern Ohio, advanced on his own
initiative in the early summer of 1861 into western
Virginia with about 20,000 men. .
.
 THE WAR in 1862
The year 1862 marked a major turning point in
the war, especially the war in the East, as Lee took
command of the Confederate army, which he
promptly renamed the Army of Northern Virginia.
.
 THE COST AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CIVIL WAR
The triumph of the North, above and beyond
its superior naval forces, numbers, and industrial
and financial resources, was partly due to the
statesmanship of Lincoln, who by 1864 had become
a masterful political and war leader, to the pervading
valour of Federal soldiers, and to the increasing skill
of their officers. On the basis of the three-year
standard of enlistment, about 1,556,000 soldiers
served in the Federal armies, and about 800,000
men probably served in the Confederate forces,
though spotty records make it impossible to know
for sure
 THE COST AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CIVIL WAR
The enormous death rate—roughly 2 percent
of the 1860 population of the U.S. died in the war—
had an enormous impact on American society.
 WORLD WAR I
World War I began in 1914 after the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
(the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain,
France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the
United States (the Allied Powers)..
 WORLD WAR I
On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe’s
great powers quickly collapsed.
In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from
September 6-9, 1914, French and British forces
confronted the invading Germany army, which had
by then penetrated deep into northeastern France,
within 30 miles of Paris.
 WORLD WAR I
Russian Revolution
From 1914 to 1916, Russia’s army mounted
several offensives on World War I’s Eastern Front,
but was unable to break through German lines.
On July 15, 1918, German troops launched
what would become the last German offensive of
the war, attacking French forces (joined by 85,000
American troops as well as some of the British
Expeditionary Force) in the Second Battle of the
Marne.
 WORLD WAR I CASUALTIES
World War I took the lives of more than 9
million soldiers; 21 million more were wounded.
Civilian casualties caused indirectly by the war
numbered close to 10 million. The two nations most
affected were Germany and France, each of which
sent some 80 percent of their male populations
between the ages of 15 and 49 into battle..
 LEGACY OF WORLD WAR I
World War I brought about massive social
upheaval, as millions of women entered the
workforce to support men who went to war and to
replace those who never came back. The first global
war also helped to spread one of the world’s
deadliest global pandemics, the Spanish flu
epidemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 20 to
50 million people.
 LEGACY OF WORLD WAR I
The severe effects that chemical weapons
such as mustard gas and phosgene had on soldiers
and civilians during World War I galvanized public
and military attitudes against their continued use.
The Geneva Convention agreements, signed in
1925, restricted the use of chemical and biological
agents in warfare and remains in effect today.
 WORLD WAR II
The instability created in Europe by the First
World War (1914-18) set the stage for another
international conflict–World War II–which broke out
two decades later and would prove even more
devastating.
 WORLD WAR II
Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939
drove Great Britain and France to declare war on
Germany, marking the beginning of World War II.
Over the next six years, the conflict would take
more lives and destroy more land and property
around the globe than any previous war. Among the
estimated 45-60 million people killed were 6 million
Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part
of Hitler’s diabolical “Final Solution,” now known as
the Holocaust.
 OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II (1939)
On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland
from the west; two days later, France and Britain
declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.
On September 17, Soviet troops invaded
Poland from the east. Under attack from both sides,
Poland fell quickly, and by early 1940 Germany and
the Soviet Union had divided control over the
nation.
 WORLD WAR II IN THE WEST (1941)
On April 9, 1940, Germany simultaneously
invaded Norway and occupied Denmark, and the
war began in earnest. On May 10, German forces
swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what
became known as “blitzkrieg,” or lightning war.
On June 22, 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion
of the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation
Barbarossa.
 WORLD WAR II IN THE WEST (1941)
On December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircraft
attacked the major U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
in Hawaii, taking the Americans completely by
surprise and claiming the lives of more than 2,300
troops. The attack on Pearl Harbor served to unify
American public opinion in favor of entering World
War II, and on December 8 Congress declared war
on Japan with only one dissenting vote. Germany
and the other Axis Powers promptly declared war
on the United States.
TOWARD ALLIED VICTORY IN WORLD WAR II (1943-45)

In North Africa, British and American forces had

defeated the Italians and Germans by 1943. An Allied
invasion of Sicily and Italy followed, and Mussolini’s
government fell in July 1943, though Allied fighting
against the Germans in Italy would continue until 1945.
..
 WORLD WAR II ENDS (1945)

On August 15, the Japanese government issued a

statement declaring they would accept the terms of the
Potsdam Declaration, and on September 2, U.S.
General Douglas MacArthur accepted Japan’s formal
surrender aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.. .
 WORLD WAR II CASUALTIES AND LEGACY

World War II proved to be the deadliest

international conflict in history, taking the lives of 60 to
80 million people, including 6 million Jews who died at
the hands of the Nazis during the Holocaust. Civilians
made up an estimated 50-55 million deaths from the
war, while military comprised 21 to 25 million of those
lost during the war. Millions more were injured, and still
more lost their homes and property..
 WORLD WAR II CASUALTIES AND LEGACY

The legacy of the war would include the spread of

communism from the Soviet Union into eastern Europe
as well as its eventual triumph in China, and the global
shift in power from Europe to two rival superpowers–
the United States and the Soviet Union–that would
soon face off against each other in the Cold War.
..
 SUMMARY
 MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
 WORLD WAR I ARMIES
 WORLD WAR II ARMIES
 CONTEMPOTARY ARMIES
THANK YOU
and
GOOD DAY!!!