FRBR The Framework Behind RDA

FRBR,
THE FRAMEWORK BEHIND RDA

Course Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand FRBR as a conceptual model
 Understand FRBR terminology
 Identify FRBR Group 1 entities
 Identify FRBR Group 1 attributes
 Understand FRBR relationships
 Appreciate FRBR Group 2 and Group 3 entities
 Apply RDA: Resource Description & Access with a
better appreciation of its underlying concepts
Why FRBR?
 Why do you need to understand this?
 RDA is based on this conceptual model
 RDA uses these terms and language
 To make the catalog work best for patrons

Why FRBR?
 Ifyou understand these concepts and
terms
 It will be easier to navigate the RDA text
 It will be easier to use cataloger’s judgment in
context
 You can better apply RDA (because we can’t
cover everything in classroom training -- unless
you want training to last the rest of your lives)
Resource Description and Access (RDA) and Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records (FRBR) continue to focus on connections and
relationships, asking questions such as:
How do resources relate to each other?

How do creators and subjects relate to those resources?
How can we help users connect to and acquire the resources they need and
want?
These are not new questions, but RDA and FRBR attempt to answer them in a
way that offers new possibilities for library catalogs and library users in our
connected, digital world.
User Focus, User Convenience, and User Tasks
Who are the users of a catalog? They include patrons of all ages .
What are the needs of these catalog users?
Released by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
(IFLA) in 2009, the Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (ICP) places
primary importance on “the convenience of the user”.
It reflects and builds on previous documents, including FRBR and the statement
of principles developed by the International Conference on Cataloguing
Principles in 1961 (known as the Paris Principles).
The ICP reenvisions the Paris Principles for a 21st century online environment and
an ever increasing multitude of formats and types of materials. These principles
serve as a mission and vision statement, a foundational document guiding the
international cataloging community forward.
 FRBR (often pronounced fer-ber) borrows the
techniques and vocabulary of the entity-
relationship model used in database design. The
entity-relationship model organizes data using
three basic constructs: entities, attributes, and
relationships (see Figure 1.2).
The entities are the things, the objects, the people, the places, the concepts, and so on.
Entities can be concrete or abstract, animate or inanimate. Entities have attributes—
characteristics that describe the entities and distinguish one entity from another.
Entities also exist in relationship to each other. These relationships tie the entities
together in specific, defined ways (Chen 1976, 10–12).
Borrowing from the language of grammar, entities represent the nouns; attributes,
the descriptive adjectives; and relationships, the verbs that bind everything
The Three Cs: Concept, Content, and Container
The Concept of FRBR
 FRBR is a concept—a conceptual framework or model that organizes and

arranges the resources, beings, and subjects of the bibliographic universe.
 The genesis of FRBR came at the 1990 Stockholm Seminar on Bibliographic

Records, and IFLA formally accepted the FRBR report in 1997 (FRBR 1.1-2).
 Two subsequent documents, Functional Requirements for Authority Data

(FRAD) and Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD),
expand the FRBR model.
FRBR
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic

Records
• Conceptual model
• Not a set of rules
• Uses an entity relationship model, rather than
descriptive analysis
FRBR
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

• Abstraction of how we can think about
bibliographic records to facilitate relationships
between data elements and between data and users
• Outlined in a 1998 report from the International
Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
(IFLA)
FRBR
• User-centered, based on concrete user tasks:

• Find
• Identify
• Select
• Obtain
12
FRBR USER TASKS
• Find
to locate either a single entity or a set of entities as the result of a
search using an attribute or relationship of the entity
• Identify
to confirm that the entity described corresponds to the entity
sought, or to distinguish between two or more entities with
similar characteristics
13
FRBR USER TASKS
• Select
to choose an entity that meets the user's requirements with
respect to content, physical format, etc., or to reject an entity as
being inappropriate to the user's needs
• Obtain
to acquire an entity through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an
entity electronically through an online connection
FRBR - MODELING THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC
UNIVERSE
• Utilizes an entity-relationship framework:

• Entities (a class of things)
• Relationships (associations among entities)
• Attributes (characteristics of the entities) [RDA calls
these “elements”]
FRBR - MODELING THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC
UNIVERSE
• Entities:
• Group 1 Entities – Works, Expressions, Manifestations,
and Items
• Group 2 Entities – Persons, Corporate Bodies, Families
• Group 3 Entities – Concept, Place, Event, Object, plus all
Group 1 & 2 Entities
VOCABULARY
“Book”
Door prop
(item)
“publication”
at bookstore
any copy
(manifestation)
Cited from Patrick LeBoeuf, former chair of the IFLA FRBR Review Group
17
VOCABULARY
“Book”
–Who illustrated?
(expression)
–Who wrote?
(work)
Cited from Patrick LeBoeuf, former chair of the IFLA FRBR Review Group
WHICH “BOOK” ARE YOU CATALOGING?
• When you catalog a “book” on your desk:

• You are working with a FRBR Group 1 Item
• The bibliographic record you create will represent a
FRBR Group 1 Manifestation with some characteristics of
the contained Work and Expression
• Attributes of other FRBR group entities may appear in the
bibliographic record
WEMI (OR IMEW?)
• FRBR Group 1 entities

• Work • Item
• Expression • Manifestation
• Manifestation • Expression
• Item • Work
THE ITEM IN FRBR
• Item is a concrete entity

• A single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume
monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.)
or:
• Can comprise more than one physical object (e.g., a
monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a
recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.).
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFY THE
FRBR ITEM
A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

published in 2008?
B. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare Books Collection?
C. French translation?
D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?
E. Shakespeare’s Hamlet?
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFY THE
FRBR ITEM

published in 2008?
QUICK QUIZ! WHICH “BOOK” IS THE FRBR
ITEM?
A. We should order that book.

B. I'd like to read that book in French.
C. I have lost my book.
D. That movie is based on my favorite book.
ITEM?

THE MANIFESTATION IN FRBR
• Encompasses a wide range of materials

• Manuscripts • Posters
• Sound recordings
• Books • CD-ROMs
• Periodicals • Multimedia kits
• Maps
• Represents all the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and
physical form
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFY THE FRBR
MANIFESTATION
published in 2008?
27
MANIFESTATION
published in 2008?
28
MANIFESTATION?

MANIFESTATION?

THE EXPRESSION IN FRBR
• The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of:

• Alpha-numeric notation
• Musical notation
• Choreographic notation
• Sound
• Image
• Object How the ideas are communicated
• Movement
• Or any combination of such forms
EXPRESSION

published in 2008?
32
EXPRESSION

published in 2008?
33
THE WORK IN FRBR
• Abstract entity - ideas

• No single material object one can point to
• Recognized through individual realizations or
expressions
• Exists only in the commonality of content between and
among the various expressions
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFY THE FRBR WORK
A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text published

in 2008?
35
A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text published

in 2008?
36

published in 2008?
37

published in 2008?
38
FRBR BEYOND THE LIBRARY
The Work is the idea of a chair, which can be defined as something to sit on, has
legs, and a seat, and any particular model of one was thought up by a particular
person
The Expression is the idea of that chair taking shape into a specific type of chair,
such as an office chair, a dining room table chair, a schoolroom chair, a lounge
chair, a metal folding chair, etc.
The Manifestation is the manufacturing run of Sauder’s office chair that has
microsuede fabric and the ability to adjust height.
The Item is the chair you are sitting in now
39
ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS AND FRBR
• Inherent relationships:
• work “is realized by” by an expression
• expression “is embodied in” a manifestation
• manifestation “is exemplified by” an item
FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES
Work
is realized through
Expression
Intellectual/Artistic Content is embodied in
Physical – Recording of Content

Manifestation
one
is exemplified by
many
Item
Family of Works 1 Based on diagram in “Bibliographic Relationships,” Barbara B. Tillett. Ch. 2 in: Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by
Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, p. 19-35.
Equivalent Derivative Descriptive

Free Review
Translation
Microform Edition Summary Casebook
Reproduction Abstract Dramatization Criticism
Simultaneous Abridged
“Publication” Edition Digest Novelization
Screenplay
Copy Libretto
Illustrated Evaluation
Revision
Edition Change of Genre
Exact
Parody Annotated
Reproduction Translation Expurgated Imitation
Edition Edition
Same Style or
Facsimile Variations or Arrangement Thematic Content
Versions Commentary
Reprint Slight Adaptation
Modification
Same Work – Cataloging Rules

Original Work-- New Work
Same Expression
New Expression Cut-Off Point
ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS AND FRBR
• Content relationships:
• Equivalence
• Derivative
• Descriptive
• Structural relationships:
• Whole/part
• Part-to-part
• Sequential
• Accompanying
• Shared characteristics
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFYING GROUP 1
ENTITIES
• Original English version (2000)
• Bloomsbury (UK) hardcover
• Bloomsbury (UK) paperback
• Bloomsbury (UK) paperback (adult cover)
• Scholastic (US) hardcover
• Scholastic (US) paperback
• Raincoast (Canada) hardcover
• Raincoast (Canada) paperback
• Penguin (Canada) paperback (adult cover)
ENTITIES
• Original English version (2000) Expression
• Bloomsbury (UK) hardcover
• Bloomsbury (UK) paperback
• Bloomsbury (UK) paperback (adult cover)
• Scholastic (US) paperback Manifestations
• Raincoast (Canada) hardcover
• Raincoast (Canada) paperback
• Penguin (Canada) paperback (adult cover)
QUICK QUIZ! IDENTIFYING
GROUP 1 ENTITIES
• Audiobooks
• Jim Dale’s reading (2000)
• Listening Library: 17 cassettes
• Listening Library: 12 CDs
• Stephen Fry’s unabridged reading (2001)
• BBC Audiobooks: 14 CDs
• BBC Audiobooks: 18 cassettes
GROUP 1 ENTITIES
• Audiobooks Group of Expressions
• Jim Dale’s reading (2000) Expression
• Listening Library: 17 cassettes

Manifestations
• Listening Library: 12 CDs
• Stephen Fry’s unabridged reading (2001) Expression
• BBC Audiobooks: 14 CDs

Manifestations
• BBC Audiobooks: 18 cassettes
GROUP 1 ENTITIES
• Audiobooks in translation
• French
• CD
• Cassette
• Japanese
• CD
• Cassette
GROUP 1 ENTITIES
• Audiobooks in translation Group of Expressions
• French Expression
• CD
Manifestations
• Cassette
• Japanese Expression
• CD
Manifestations
• Cassette
52
ENTITIES

• Barcoded copy in the LC collection
ENTITIES

Expression

Manifestations
• Barcoded copy in the LC collection
Items
Pride and Created/Created by Jane Austen
prejudice (Work) (Creator)
Expressed/Is expressed by
Text in original Text in French Spoken word in
English (E) translation (E) English (E)
Manifested/Is manifested by
Art Cannot Be Editions ABC, Audio Pub. Co.

T. Edgerton, Damaged, Inc., 2002 (M) 2006 (M)
1813 (M) 2009 (M)
Gutenberg.org,
1998 (M)
Exemplified/Is exemplified by
Owned by ? (I) Owned by LC (I)
1 Owned by LC Owned by LC Owned by

with condition(I) with barcode (I) NLSBPH (I)
GROUP 2 ENTITIES
• Persons, corporate bodies, and families

responsible for:
• the intellectual or artistic content,
• the physical production and dissemination, or
• the custodianship of the entities
GROUP 2 ENTITIES : BASIC RELATIONSHIPS
by Person
te d Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
ea
Cr s
e
y
Musical a t
Created b
e
Cr
Creates
Work
Die Meistersinger von
Nürnberg (Opera)
Literary Work
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
57
(Libretto)
FRAD (FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR AUTHORITY DATA)
• User tasks:
• Find: Find an entity or set of entities corresponding to stated
criteria
• Identify: Identify an entity
• Clarify (Justify): Document the authority record creator’s reason
for choosing the name or form of name on which an access point
is based.
• Contextualize (Understand): Place a person, corporate body,
work, etc. in context
• Example: WorldCat Identities: http://worldcat.org/identities/
FRAD ATTRIBUTES
Attributes of a person
• Title of person  Affiliation
• Dates associated with the person  Address
(birth/death/period of activity  Language of person
• Gender  Field of activity
• Place of birth  Profession / occupation
• Place of death  Biography / history
• Country  Other informational
• Place of residence elements associated with
the person
FRAD ATTRIBUTES
Attributes of a family Attributes of a corporate
 Type of family
body
 Dates of family
 Places associated with
• Place associated
family • Dates associated
 Field of activity • Language of the corporate body
 History of family • Address
• Field of activity
• History
• Other information associated
with the corporate body
GROUP 3 ENTITIES
• Subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s

intellectual endeavor, and include:
• Concepts
• Objects
• Events
• Places
• Group 1 entities (WEMI)
• Group 2 entities (P/F/CB)
GROUP 3 ENTITIES : BASIC
RELATIONSHIPS
Work Created by Person

Songs of Innocence and Creates Blake, William, 1757-1827
Experience
e c t of
S u b j
Has Subject Is b j e ct
a s Su
H
Work Has Su
Approaches to Teaching Blake bject Concept/Topic
Created by Creates Literary education
Is Subj
e ct o f
Person
62 Gleckner, Robert F.
ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS AND
FRBR
• Relationships also exist between Groups

• Group 1 WEMI to Group 2 P/F/CB
• Group 1 WEMI to Group 3 C/O/E/P
• Group 2 P/F/CB to Group 3 C/O/E/P
performs
Artist Song
was performed by
has has
Name Title
--an attribute --an attribute
of a Person of a Work
FRBR
• Group 1 WEMI to Group 2 P/F/CB

Creator (author) Work
Contributor (editor) Expression
Manufacturer (Printer) Manifestation
Owner (Current owner) Item

FRBR
• Group 2 P/F/CB to Group 2 P/F/CB

Person (Real identity Person (Alternate identity)
Corporate body (Employer) (Earlier Person (Employee)

name)
Corporate body (Later name)
Person (Progenitor)
Person (Family member)
Family (Descendants) (Founder)
Corporate body (Founded organization)
BACK TO USER TASKS
 At the beginning of this course, we

looked at FRBR User Tasks
 Then we looked at FRAD User Tasks
 Here is a comparison of the two:
Bibliographic Data Authority Data

 Find  Find
 Identify  Identify
 Select  Clarify (Justify)
 Obtain  Understand (Contextualize)

WHY DO LIBRARIES NEED
FRBR?
• To avoid becoming marginalized by other
information delivery services
• To cut costs for the description and access to
resources in our libraries
• To encourage redesign of our systems to move
us into linked data information discovery and
navigation systems in the Internet environment
• To make our bibliographic descriptions and
access data more internationally acceptable
67

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FRBR,

THE FRAMEWORK BEHIND RDA

 To make the catalog work best for patrons

How do resources relate to each other?

 FRBR is a concept—a conceptual framework or model that organizes and

 The genesis of FRBR came at the 1990 Stockholm Seminar on Bibliographic

 Two subsequent documents, Functional Requirements for Authority Data

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

• User-centered, based on concrete user tasks:

• Utilizes an entity-relationship framework:

• When you catalog a “book” on your desk:

• FRBR Group 1 entities

• Item is a concrete entity

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

B. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare Books Collection?

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

B. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare Books Collection?

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. We should order that book.

A. We should order that book.

• Encompasses a wide range of materials

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. We should order that book.

A. We should order that book.

• The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of:

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

B. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare Books Collection?

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

B. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare Books Collection?

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

• Abstract entity - ideas

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text published

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text published

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

A. Digitized version of the printed Oxford University Press text

D. London Symphony Orchestra 2005 performance?

Physical – Recording of Content

Equivalent Derivative Descriptive

Same Work – Cataloging Rules

• Jim Dale’s reading (2000) Expression

• Listening Library: 17 cassettes

• BBC Audiobooks: 14 CDs

• Original English version (2000)

• Scholastic (US) hardcover

• Original English version (2000)

• Scholastic (US) hardcover

Art Cannot Be Editions ABC, Audio Pub. Co.

Owned by ? (I) Owned by LC (I)

1 Owned by LC Owned by LC Owned by

• Persons, corporate bodies, and families

• Subjects of Group 1 or Group 2’s

Work Created by Person

• Relationships also exist between Groups

• Group 1 WEMI to Group 2 P/F/CB

Contributor (editor) Expression

Manufacturer (Printer) Manifestation