Articular System

OVERVIEW
Functions
Structures
Classifications
Different Movements

OBJECTIVES: After browsing the module,

you should be able to:
1. Recall the functions and describe the
structures of the articular system;
2. Identify and illustrate the classifications of
joints; and
3. Recognize and interpret the different
movements. Dr. Imelda R. Romero
Department of Biological Sciences
School of Science and Technology
Centro Escolar University
https://www.healthpages.org/anatomy-function/musculoskeletal-system-bones-joints-cartilage-ligaments/
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement
 Functions

1. Holds bones together

http://www.interactive-biology.com/3846/an-in-depth-look-at-the-bones-classification-and-structure-of-skeletal-joints/

2. Allows movement

http://aclprevention.blogspot.com/2015/08/how-does-human-movement-occur-kinetic_10.html

3. Makes bone growth

possible
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/growth.html
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement
STRUCTURES
 Articular Cartilage

✹ Specialized
connective tissue in
diarthrodial joints

✹ Reduces friction
during joint
movement

http://www.arthritis-health.com/types/joint-anatomy/what-cartilage
 Meniscus

✹ Thin fibrous cartilage

between the surfaces
of some joints
✹ e.g. the knee

http://osteoarthritisstemcelltreatment.blogspot.com/2016/06/articular-cartilage-disorder-and-role.html
 Bursae

✹Sacsfilled with synovial fluid

✹Reduce friction
✹Shock absorber

Olecranon Bursa

https://www.fairview.org/HealthLibrary/Article/116823EN
 Synovium
✹ Lines the inner surface of
synovial joint

http://www.arthritis-health.com/types/joint-anatomy/what-synovial-joint
 Synovial Fluid

✹ Synovia
✹ Reduces friction
during joint movement

http://goldmedalmotion.com/the-ugly-truth-about-scar-tissue/
 Tendons

✹ Connect bone to
muscle

https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh2113
 Ligaments

• Connect bone-to-bone

http://solidlifefitness.com/2014/03/16/muscles-tendons-ligaments/
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
ARTICULATIONS
 As to Function As to Structure Specific Types Examples
1. Synarthrosis 1. Fibrous - Suture - Cranial Sutures
No movement Dense Connective Interlocking joints
Tissue (Collagen
Fibers) - Gomphosis - Teeth and Sockets
Periodontal
ligaments - Epiphyseal Plate
- Vertebrosternal
2. Cartilaginous - Synchondrosis Cartilage
Joined by cartilage Cartilaginous bridge
between articulating
bones - Metopic Suture
3. Bony Fusion - Epiphysial line
Ossified joint - Synostosis
No boundary
existing
 Cranial Sutures

Coronal Suture
Frontal Bone – Parietal Bones Sagittal Suture
Parietal Bones

Lambdoidal Suture
Occipital Bone – Parietal Bones

Squamous Suture
Temporal Bone – Parietal Bones

Sphenoid Suture
Sphenoid Bone - other cranial bones
http://www.fotosearch.com/illustration/suture.html
https://quizlet.com/25649318/neuro-anatomyphysiology-collecti
http://anatomyarchive.info/tags/parietal-bone-definition on-through-816-flash-cards
/
Gomphosis

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-2/deck/4203675
 Synchondrosis

Epiphyseal Plate
diaphysis + epiphysis

Vertebrosternal Cartilage
ribs + sternum

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/anc05.htm
 Synostosis

Metopic Suture

Fetal Skull: 40 weeks Child Skull: 5 years old

http://www.boneroom.com/store/p950/Bone_Clones%C2%AE_Child_Skull_-_5_Year_Old_With_Exposed_Dentition.html
 As to Function As to Structure Specific Types Examples

2. Amphiarthrosis 1. Fibrous - Syndesmosis - Interosseous

Little movement Ligamentous Ligament
- Tibiofibular
Ligament
- Pubic Symphysis
2. Cartilaginous - Symphysis - Intervertebral
Connection by Disks
pad of fibrous - Mandibular
cartilage Symphysis
 Syndesmosis

Tibiofibular Ligament
Interosseous Ligament
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/syndesmosis https://quizlet.com/101561341/a-and-p-chap-8-joints-of-skeletal-system-focus-on-knee-flash-cards/
 Symphysis

Mandibular Symphysis

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/symphysis https://www.pinterest.com/bluenero/forensic-anatomy-references-face/
 As to Function As to Structure Specific Types Examples

3. Diarthrosis 1. Synovial - Planar Joints - Typically found in

Free movement Joint - Hinge Joints extremities
Surrounded by - Pivot Joints
articular - Saddle Joints
capsule and - Condyloid
lined by Joints
synovial - Ball and
membrane Socket Joints
 Planar or Gliding Joints
✹ Flat or slightly curved bone surfaces
✹ Gliding movement: side to side

Sternoclavicular Joint Vertebrocostal Joint Intercarpal Joint

https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/thoracic-cage
http://duniaperubatan.blogspot.com/2012/02/clavicle.html#.V7ApBU196M8 http://www.slideshare.net/PoonamSingh42/joints-24864251
 Hinge Joints
✹ Permits angular movement: like opening a door
Knee Joint Elbow Joint Ankle Joint

Interphalangeal Joint

https://www.cadencehealth.org/what-we-offer/specialized-care/orthopaedics/knee http://www.fotosearch.com/anatomical-images/
https://www.netterimages.com/bones-of-elbow-unlabeled-general-anatomy-frank-h-netter-57665.html http://www.fotosearch.com/LIF001/9790jk/
 Pivot Joints
✹ Round surface
✹ Monoaxial movement:
rotation around longitudinal
axis

Atlanto-axial Joint Radio-ulnar Joint

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/examples-of-pivot-and-hinge-joints-in-the-human-body.html https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/biomechanics-quiz-2/deck/3574911
 Saddle or Sellaris Joints
✹ 1 Saddle-shaped bone, and 1 bone riding on the saddle
✹ Biaxial movement: Circumduction and Opposition

Metacarpal of thumb

Trapezium of carpus

http://centralorthopedicgroup.com/education/adult-thumb-metacarpal-fractures/
Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
✹ Oval-shaped bone fits into oval depression

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/485403666064307387/
 Ball and Socket Joints
✹ Ball fitting into a cup-like depression

Glenohumeral joint

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/485403666064307387/
MOVEMENTS
 Gliding Movement
✹ Surfaces across each
other
✹ Ex. Carpals, tarsals,

clavicle and sternum

http://www.slideshare.net/AmoOliverio/84-57980779 http://www.picgifs.com/graphics/hands/
 Angular Movements

Flexion
Reduction of angle between
the articulating elements

Extension
Increasing angle of the
articulating elements

Hyperextension
Extension past the
anatomical position

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3878577/
 Extension – Flexion
Movements

http://www.mychhs.colostate.edu/david.greene/Yamagata2007_distal_upper_extremity_lecture.htm http://mobsea.co/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Arm_Flexion_Extension.gif
 Angular Movements
Lateral Flexion
Bending to the side

http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch09_illust
r_audio_mp3_am/simulations/hear/flexion_extension.html http://www.abs-exercise-advice.com/free-fitness-ball-exercise.html
 Angular Movements
Abduction
Movement away from the
longitudinal axis of the body

Adduction
Movement back to the
body’s anatomical position

* Always apply to
appendicular bones, not to
axial bones http://www.buzzle.com/articles/abduction-vs-adduction.html
Abduction – Adduction
Movements

http://www.sports-training-adviser.com/anatomical-terms-of-motion.html
 Circumduction
✹
Conical movement
✹ Complete circular movement

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/43980533833396496/ http://s324.photobucket.com/user/johnnyhasatail/media/anatomy/circumduction.gif.html
 Rotation
✹ Pivotal
✹ Revolves around single
axis

https://www.pinterest.com/amtimultiaxis/range-of-motion/ http://mobsea.co/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Shoulder_External_Internal_Rotation.gif
 Supination - Pronation

Palm Up Palm Down

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/485403666064341033/ http://cexams.net/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Arm_Supination_Pronation.gif
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
 Eversion - Inversion

Twisting motion that Twisting motion that

turns the sole outward turns the sole inward

http://www.corexcellence.com/reduce-ankle-injuries-run-better-squat-deeper / http://cexams.net/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Foot_Calf_Inversion_Eversion.gif
 Dorsiflexion – Plantar Flexion
Flexing the ankle Extending the ankle
Elevating the toes Elevating the heels

http://humananatomy.co/dorsiflexion-vs-plantar-flexion/ http://cexams.net/stretching/img/
 Opposition
✹ Moving in opposite
directions

http://www.slideshare.net/AmoOliverio/84-57980779
 Elevation Depression
Moving part in superior Moving part in inferior
direction direction

https://quizlet.com/84764731/lecture-slides-lessons-1-3-flash-cards/ http://cexams.net/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Shoulder_Depression_Elevation.gif
 Protraction Retraction
Anteriorly moving a part at a Posteriorly moving apart at a
horizontal plane horizontal plane

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3502641/ http://mobsea.co/stretching/Stretching_Movements.php?sm=Shoulder_Retraction_Protraction.gif
 ACTIVITY
Based from the animation image,
answer ITEMS 1 to 5
1. Type of articulation as
to degree of movement
2. Specific type of
articulation
3. Movement shown
4. Bones involved in the
movement
5. Muscles involved in the
movement

Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement

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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics of Movement