Volcanoes and

Earthquakes
GPH 111
 Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Game Plan:
• Types of eruptions and the importance of viscosity
• Rock class and landform type
• Dangers associated with volcanic eruptions
• How earthquakes work
• Earthquake danger
 INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS
1.Have you personally been to Albay or Tagaytay? Have
you actually seen Mayon Volcano or Taal Volcano?

2. Have you ever seen a live volcanic eruption? How did

that make you feel? If you haven’t, wouldn’t you want to
see an erupting volcano in full view or at least see a real
volcano in person?

3. Have you heard about the damage caused by the

eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Zambales?

4. Why do a number of a particular type of volcanoes

exist in the Philippines?
 INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS
5. Is it possible for volcanic eruptions to affect our
climate in the Philippines or other parts of the world?

6.What exactly are the factors that affect the climate of

a place?

7. How can global climate change be best controlled?

These are some of the questions that you will

need to find the answers in this module
Volcanoes
• Stem from the release of
magma on to earth’s surface

• At least 1,500 active

volcanoes on the planet (1
eruption in recorded history)

• 50 volcanic eruptions every

year

Mt. Pinatubo, 1990

 PARTS OF VOLCANO

MAGMA CHAMBER
 This is a large
reservoir that sores
molten rock (magma)
prior to eruption.
 PARTS OF VOLCANO
MAIN VENT
 It is where
magma passes
through from the
magma chamber
to reach Earth’s
surface
 PARTS OF VOLCANO

CRATER
 It is a bowl
shaped depression
produced by
volcanic activity
and explosion.
 PARTS OF VOLCANO

LAVA FLOW
 This is the
stream of molten
rock flowing out
of the crater.
 PARTS OF VOLCANO
SECONDARY
VENT
 This is an
alternative smaller
outlet where
magma escapes to
reach Earth’s
surface.
 PARTS OF VOLCANO
SECONDARY
CONE
 This is formed
when lava and
ashes escape from
smaller vents; it is
also known as a
parasitic cones
 PARTS OF VOLCANO
ASH CLOUD
 It is formed when
thick volcanic ashes
are discharged into
the atmosphere
caused by violent
explosion or
eruption of the
volcano.
 PARTS OF VOLCANO

ASH
 It is a mixture or
rocks, minerals and
glass particles
expelled during a
volcanic eruption.
Activity 1.1:

Video Analysis Watch the two

video clips and answet the following
questions
Read and answer the questions that follow after
watching the two videos.
1.How will you describe the eruption of the super
volcano in the movie “2012”?
2.How will you compare this eruption to the explosion of
Mt. Pinatubo back in 1991?
3.What do you think caused the eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo?
4.Why do you think we have many volcanoes in the
Philippines several of which are active?
5.How do volcanic eruptions affect us? How do we
prepare for this natural calamity?
6.Having seen that huge amount of energy that
exploded from Mt. Pinatubo, how can we use it in a way
that would be beneficial for Filipinos
 Types of Rock Erupted
(igneous extrusive)
• Basalt - silica content between 48% and 55%
• Andesite - silica content between 55% and 60%
• Dacite - silica content between 60% and 70% Increase in
• Rhyolite - silica content between 70% and 77% silica
content,
increase in
viscosity.

Activity Time
 Rock Types Generate Viscous to Non-
viscous flows of lava
• Basalt - low silica, low viscosity (like……), trapped gasses
released easily

• Andesite - medium silica, higher viscosity (like……),

trapped gasses release much less easily

• Dacite and Rhyolite - high silica, high viscosity (like…….),

trapped gasses have a hard time escaping, but if they do…
Rock class determines landform type
and eruption style:
• Cinder Cones - (basalt) mildly explosive
• Shield Volcanoes - (basalt) mildly explosive
• Composite Volcanoes - (andesite to dacite) mild to highly
explosive
• Lava Domes - (dacite to ryholite) non-explosive
• Calderas - (andesite to ryholite) extremely violent and
explosive
 Constructed from fountains of
Cinder Cones - lava that rain around the vent.

They can
also issue
low volatile
flows,
quietly
oozing from
SP Crater, N. AZ the vent.

Hawaii - Cinder Cone in Action

“Basalt Landform”
 CINDER CONE VOLCANO
in the Philippines

MT. SMITH
•also known as Mt.
Babuyan
•The mountain is one
of the active
volcanoes in the
Philippines
•Location: Babuyan
Islands
•Last eruption: 1924
 CINDER CONE VOLCANO
in the Philippines

MT. TAAL
•is the second most
active volcano found
in the province of
Batangas.
•A complex volcano in
the middle of Taal
Lake and is often
called an island
within a lake
 CINDER CONE VOLCANO
in the Philippines

MT. TAAL
•The mountain is one
of the active
volcanoes in the
Philippines
•Location: Batangas
•Last eruption:
January 12, 2020
 CINDER CONE VOLCANO
in the Philippines

MT. MAYABOBO MUSUAN VOLCANO

 Basically really big, long
Shield Volcanoes - duration cinder cones

Mauna Loa Olympus Mons

“Basalt Landform”
 SHIELD VOLCANO
in the Philippines

MT. TAAL
•The mountain is one
of the active
volcanoes in the
Philippines
•Location: Batangas
•Last eruption:
January 12, 2020
Composite Volcanoes -
Build up over time with alternating ash fallouts
and lava flows, tendency to generate extremely
violent events mixed with more moderate events.

Mt. Fuji - classic

composite cone

“Andesite - Dacite Landform”

Composite Volcanoes - Mt. Saint Helens

“Andesite - Dacite Landform”

Composite Volcanoes - Mt. Saint Helens

“Andesite - Dacite Landform”

Composite Volcanoes - Mt. Pinatubo

“Andesite - Dacite Landform”

Composite Volcanoes - Marianas Trench

“Andesite - Dacite Landform”

 COMPOSITE Volcano
in the Philippines

MT. MAYON
•is an active
stratovolcano in the
province of Albay in
Bicol Region
•Last eruption: 2019
 COMPOSITE Volcano
in the Philippines

MT. PINATUBO
•is an active
stratovolcano in the
Zambales Mountains

•Location: Luzon
•Last Eruption: 2021
Lava Domes - Highly viscous eruptions that build
internally and externally

Lava Dome developing

in Mount St. Helens Mt. Elden, N. AZ

“Dacite - Rhyolite Landform”

 Highly explosive eruptions that
Calderas - lead to structural collapse from an
emptied magma chamber

Show Movie - Crater Lake, 6

miles wide, 7,700 years ago -
Long Valley Caldera, 15 miles wide, andesitic
rhyolitic, 760,000 years old
released 160 cubic miles of material
“Andesite to Rhyolite Landform”
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES
ACCORDING TO ERUPTIVE
HISTORY
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

Erupted during historical times within

the last 600 years.

 They erupted at least once in the past

10,000 years based on the analysis of
materials from volcanic deposits
 DORMANT VOLCANOES

These volcanoes are active but not

erupting; however, they are expected to
erupt anytime soon.
 EXTINCT VOLCANOES

They did not erupted in the past 10,000

years.

those that scientists consider unlikely

to erupt again, because the volcano no
longer has a magma supply.
PHASES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7UN0b98jiw&t=46s
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION

EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIVE
ERUPTIONS ERUPTIONS
• Involve the • Involve magma
outpouring of of high viscosity
basaltic magma and high gas
that is relatively content.
low in viscosity and
low in gas content.
Dangers associated with eruptions:
• Lahars
a hot or cold mixture of water
and rock fragments flowing (70
mph) down the slopes of a
volcano and into river valleys

Mt. St. Helens, 1980

• Pyroclastic flows
fluidized masses of rock
fragments and gases that move
rapidly in response to gravity

(can travel over 400 miles per

hour, and reach temperatures
approaching 2,000° F)

Mt. St. Helens, 1980

Mt. Pelée, 1902
Dangers associated with eruptions:
• CO2 Emissions - Release of CO2 from buried magma
into the atmosphere through faults,
fissures, and lakes.

Mammoth, CA – 1,300
tons of sulphur dioxide
released every day. “What might some positives be?”
Positives associated with
Volcanism:
• Fertile Soils
Enriched soils from mineral rich volcanic
ashfalls

• Geothermal Energy
Magma in the earth heats groundwater
and the steam is used to power
generators

• New Land
Lava flows from continents into oceans
can generate new land for development
If you knew this would happen….

What would you do… How sure do

you need to be?
Earthquakes
• Detected with Seismographs (movie)
• Rated based on the Richter Scale
• Elastic Rebound theory (Demonstration)
• Evidence and Damage from an Earthquake

3.0 on the Richter Scale represents 31.5 times more

energy than a 2.0, and 992 times more than a 1.0
 Elastic-Rebound Theory

How do
earthquakes
work?
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

Epicenter - location
at the surface
Focus - actual
location of maximum
movement
Field Evidence of an Earthquake…

Fault Scarps – Steplike linear landform

coincident with a fault trace and caused by
geologically recent slip on the fault
Fissures – Cracks or ruptures on earth’s
surface from earthquakes, but without offset
Earthquake Damage

“Earthquakes
don’t kill
people,
buildings do.”
Japanese saying
 Things to Know:
• Basic volcanic rock breakdown based on silica and their viscosity
• Basics associated with volcanic forms linked to the different
rock types - Cinder cones, Shields, Composite Cones,
Lava Domes, Calderas
• That low viscosity eruptions tend to be much less violent than
high viscosity eruptions and why
• Dangers associated with volcanism
• Positives associated with volcanism
• Problems with volcanic or earthquake prediction
• How Earthquakes are generated with regard to the Elastic-
Rebound Theory
• Field evidence associated with earthquakes

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