United States Sports Academy

“America’s Sports University”

05/09/2024 1
 Introductions

Introduction Sheet
• Name
• Nickname (Name that you prefer to go by)
• Sport Experience / Favorite Sport
• Where are you from?
• Where do you teach?
• What grades do you teach?
• Do you coach, if so what sport?
• An interesting fact about yourself (optional)
05/09/2024 2
 Introductions
Introduction Sheet Example
• Name: Timothy Dornemann
• Nickname - Tim
• Sport Experience / Favorite Sport:
Baseball, American Football (Green Bay
Packers)

05/09/2024 3
 Introductions
Introduction Sheet Example
• Where are you from? Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1 -1.5 hours
north of Chicago)
– Home of Harley Davidson Motor Cycles and Miller
Brewery

05/09/2024 4
 Introductions
Introduction Sheet Example
• Where do you teach? I’ve taught at the University of
North Carolina, North Carolina Central University, &
Carroll University
• What grades do you teach? University / Professional
Continuing Education
• Do you coach, if so what sport?
Baseball, strength and conditioning
• An interesting fact about yourself (optional)
Where I live the temperature ranges from less than 0
degrees C to 27-30 degrees C
05/09/2024 5
 P.E. Survey
• How many sections of PE do you teach? 1-2, 3-4,
4+
• Do you teach primary or secondary grades?
• Do you teach another subject other than PE? Is
PE your primary subject area?
• Average number of students per class? Under 20,
20-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41+
• Do you have lesson plans for each class?

05/09/2024 6
 P.E. Survey

• Do you teach from your lesson plans?

• Do you also teach a class on health?
• How long is you PE class?
0-30 min., 30-60 min., 60+ min.
• How many times a week do students take PE?
1, 2, 3, 4
• Is there testing in PE? Skills, Written
• Are you certified in PE? Diploma in PE?
05/09/2024 7
Principles of Fitness and Health
 Health and Fitness
World Health Organization
definition of health-
“Health is a state of
complete physical, mental
and social well-being and
not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.” 1948
 Health Benefits of Physical Activity and
Fitness
The world is in a “pandemic” of overweight and
obesity due to:

1. Dietary choices
2. Lack of physical activity
 Obesity

• “An excessive accumulation of fat beyond what

is considered normal for one’s age, sex, body
type. Obesity is a case of being over-fat, not just
overweight”
 Obesity and Children in Malaysia
“Childhood obesity levels in Malaysia are higher than in most
Asian countries, and the problem is getting worse, says Prof Dr
Norimah A Karim, vice-president of the Malaysian Association
for the Study of Obesity (MASO).

Data from various research groups have indicated that as many

as 15% of toddlers and preschool children in the country could
be overweight and obese. Among primary school children, 30%
of them could be overweight and obese”.
http://thestar.com.my/health/story.asp?file=/2012/3/25/health/10953530&s
ec=health
 Obesity

Overweight

Lack of
Poor Diet
Activity

Premature
Death
 Weight and Overweight Measures
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
– See chart on page 242
BMI=weight in Kg/ (height in meters*height in meters)

Underweight <19
Desirable weight 19-25
Overweight 25-30 (increased health risks)
Obese 30-40
> 40 (Morbid obesity)
 BMI in Children
• BMI IS NOT CALCULATED THE SAME IN
CHILDREN AS IT IS IN ADULTS!
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The amount of body fat changes with age. (BMI for children and teens is often referred to as
BMI-for-age.)
The amount of body fat differs between girls and boys.
The CDC BMI-for-age growth charts for girls and boys take into account these differences and
allow translation of a BMI number into a percentile for a child's or teen's sex and age.

Find the weight status category for the calculated BMI-for-age percentile as shown in the
following table. These categories are based on expert committee recommendations.

Weight Status Category Percentile Range

Underweight- Less than the 5th percentile
Healthy weight- 5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile
Overweight- 85th to less than the 95th percentile
Obese- Equal to or greater than the 95th percentile

http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html
 Weight and Obesity Measures
• Waist measurements
http://www.webmd.com/diet/calculating-your-waist-circumference__

Men: U.S. >40 inches or 102 cm; AU: >94 cm

Women: U.S. >35 inches or 88 cm; AU: >80 cm
 Lack of Physical Activity
• Increases risk for:

• Cardiovascular disease
• Overweight/ obesity
• Diabetes
• Depression
• Cancer
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Osteoporosis
• All cause premature death
 Risks Associated with no Physical Activity
• Risk established by epidemiological studies
– Large studies with many people
• Nurses Health Study
• Framingham Study
• Alameda County California Study (Breslow)
• Peto and Doll (Great Britain)
– Follow “natural patterns” of behavior over many years and
measure the difference in those who have certain behaviors
compared to those who do not
 2 X 2 Table
Risk Factor Has Disease Does Not Have Totals
(Heart Disease) Disease

Do not get regular

physical activity

Gets regular physical

activity

Totals
 2 X 2 Table for 50-60 Year Old Males
Risk Factor Has Disease Does Not Have Totals
(Heart Disease) Disease

Do not get regular 700 300 1000

physical activity

Gets regular physical 450 550 1000

activity

Totals 1900 850 2750

(700*550)/(450*300)=2.70
Heart disease is 2.70 times more likely in those in this age range who
do no get regular physical activity
 Inactivity and Heart Disease
• In a British study by Morris and Raffle, (1954)
bus drivers were compared to conductors. The
incidence of heart disease was:

– 30% lower in conductors

– Appeared earlier in drivers
– Mortality rate was 2 X as high after a first heart
attack in drivers
(the study controlled for stress, overweight)
 Nurses Health Study (US)
• 84,129 women were followed regarding diet,
lifestyle guidelines and tobacco use.

– Those who had good diet, regular exercise habits,

and did not use tobacco had a low risk for heart
disease

• Exercised at least 30 minutes a day

• Had high fiber diet, low fat diet
• Had moderate use of alcohol
 Breslow and Enstrom (1980) and Study of
California People
 Longevity and low rates of disability were seen in those
who:
Got 7-8 hours of sleep a day
Ate a good breakfast
Had regular meals but not many snacks
Controlled their weight
Did not smoke
Consumed moderate alcohol
Got regular exercise
See health habit questions (P. 65)

Men could add 11 years of life and women 7

 For Heart Disease

• Moderate physical activity is good but

exhaustive or stressful exercise levels may be
harmful and put people at greater risk
 Physical Activity
• Physical Activity also reduces:

 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

– Which reduces the risk of stroke –(Clot or bleeding
from a blood vessel in the brain)
 Autopsy Studies
• Soldiers in U.S./ Korean conflict
– Signs of heart disease at 22 years of age
– Those who exercised regularly at moderate levels
had less incidence
• This incidence was lower even in men 45-70 years
 Improving Health through Activity
• Activity, including sport
can increase fitness and
improve health
• LOW level aerobic
exercise improves
health
• Increasing to HIGH
levels of aerobic
exercise does not
increase health benefits
 Physical Activity
• Reduces risk of overweight, obesity, diabetes
and “metabolic syndrome”

– Metabolic Syndrome
• Blood pressure >130 mm of mercury (systolic)
• High blood lipids (triglycerides) >150 mg
• HDL (good cholesterol) <40 mg
• Fasting blood glucose >110 mg/dl
• Central fat deposit (waste measures >40 in.
or 102 cm)
 New Study on Metabolic Syndrome
• Houston, TX (USA) June 25, 2012
– 1 year study of 107 obese adults
– Average age = 70
– Average Body Mass Index (BMI) = 37
– One group changed diet, one exercised and one
group did both
• 70% improved risks in the diet group
• 86% in the diet and exercise group
• Exercise ONLY, no significant improvements
 Physical Activity and Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis – loss of bone minerals that
occurs faster in females especially after
menopausal changes

 Smoking tobacco, low body weight, white race,

lack of physical activity are risks for increased
rate of bone loss
 Osteoporosis
• Leads to brittle bones,
hip and vertebral
fractures, “dowager’s
hump”

 Weight-bearing exercise
reduces the risk
– As does proper calcium
and vitamin D intake
 Physical Fitness
Adding physical activity to the point that health
benefits are seen – “a state of energy or muscular
fitness”
It is a product of heredity and TRAINING

• Studies show physical activity and fitness is

needed across the lifespan
 Mental and Personal Health
• Good mental health means that people are
happy and have a positive mood, general well-
being, relatively few symptoms of anxiety and
depression

• 25% suffer from anxiety or depression

• Drugs for these conditions are among the
most commonly prescribed drugs
 Anxiety
• “Diffuse apprehension of some vague threat,
characterized by feelings of uncertainty or
helplessness”

• More than “worry”

Tension
Apprehension
Nervousness
 Depression
• “Sadness, low-self-esteem, pessimism,
hopelessness, and despair”

Fatigue
Irritability
Lack of direction
Withdrawal
Thoughts of suicide
 Physical Activity and its Effects
• Walking, resistance training, aerobic exercise
significantly reduced anxiety

• Physical activity reduces depression in all ages

 Studies show that physical activity from “training”

reduce symptoms of mild or moderate depression as
good as therapy-
by affecting hormones and neurotransmitters
 Two Personality Types
• Internal Controllers*- Believe THEY control the
outcomes of their lives

• External Controllers- Believe chance or outside

factors control their lives

*More likely to have healthy behaviors

 Exercise and the Mind and Brain
• Studies have shown that exercise helps anxiety
and depression. Also, positive “self-image” in
children.

• Psychoneuroimmunology- (PNI)
 PNI

Brain

Nervous
Immunity
System
 PNI
• The brain reacts to stress by secreting hormones
that not only have negative effects on the heart
and nervous system but may also cause the
body to burn less fat (leading to overweight,
overeating, and increased enzymes that put the
heart at risk)

• The immune system’s hormones can be

negatively affected by this stress
 Physical Activity
• Stimulates the brain to release helpful
hormones and neurotransmitters
• Reduces fat forming hormones in the body
• Reduces inflammatory proteins
• Stimulates the immune system
• Leads to psychological strength, imagination,
and creativity
 Exercise as a Positive Addiction
• This can occur when exercise or activity is:
NOT competitive
Done for an hour a day
Is easy to do
Is done without self-criticism
Has mental, physical, and spiritual value
Felt by you to be good for you
 Personal Health
• Keep in mind that some
will need to have their
health evaluated before
they start a physical
activity or fitness
program
 Top 10 Causes of Death in the Countries of Malaysia and the United States

Rank Malaysia United States

1 Heart Disease Heart Disease

2 Stroke Alzheimer’s/ Dementia

3 Influenza/ Pneumonia Lung Cancer

4 Traffic Accidents Stroke

5 HIV/AIDS COPD

6 Tuberculosis Diabetes

7 Lung Cancer Colon Cancer

8 Diabetes Hypertension

9 COPD Influenza/Pneumonia

10 Kidney Disease Kidney Disease

http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-health-rankings
What Did You Notice About the Top 10?
 What Did You Notice About the Top 10?

• Preventable?
• Detectable with a screening?
• Could reduce risk or prevent early onset with:
– Diet
– Physical activity
– Behavior changes
 Prevention

Sick

Tertiary
Prevention
Secondary
Prevention

Primary
Prevention

Healthy
 Health Screenings
• Try to detect risk factors BEFORE they cause a
problem with health
– Ask about tobacco use
– Check blood pressure
– Check cholesterol
– Ask about diet
– Ask about physical activity levels
– Ask about seat-belt use
– Ask about safety practices
– Ask about medical or family history
 Early Detection
• The disease is present but has been detected in
early stages

– Early detection is meaningless if no effective

treatment or management of the disease is available
or, if the disease has no major effect on quality of
life

– Early treatment should prolong life more so

than no treatment at all
 Example: Hypertension
• Blood Pressure should be checked once a year
(Hypertension is called the “Silent Killer”)
It is a routine part of an annual medical examination

It is easy and cheap to test blood pressure and

borderline cases of hypertension respond to changes
in diet, weight loss, exercise levels

Other cases can be controlled with medicine

 Blood Pressure Evaluation
Systolic BP in mm/Hg Diastolic BP Action Needed

Normal BP <120 <80 Re-check each year

Pre-hypertension 120-130 80-85 Re-check in 6 mo.

Hypertension >130 >85 See a doctor

Everyone in any of these categories will benefit from physical activity

 Medical Exam
• A reasonable frequency would be:

– At around 18- 25 years of age

– Every 5 years for those aged 35-65
– Every 2 years for those aged >65
Pre-exercise Screening Questionnaire

• See page 54 of textbook

 Exercise Stress Tests
• Used for evaluation of potential heart problems

• Gradual increase in physical exertion

• Can detect problems as heart is monitored as
this demand increases

 Maximum or near maximum workloads

may be needed to cause symptoms in
someone with undiagnosed heart disease
 Changing Physical Activity Levels After a
Health Risk Assessment
• Risks can be reduced with physical activity
• Other risks may be present that physical activity
cannot undo
• Dietary changes may also be needed as well as
other changes in lifestyle
• Risks that are inherited or from other poor
lifestyle choices may not be completely
addressed with increased physical activity
 Special Considerations for Exercise
P. 61-62
• Older Adults
• Women
• Children
• People with disabilities
• Racial groups with special health issues
 Summary
• Physical activity or fitness is needed from
childhood through old age
• This activity “compresses morbidity”
• Many need to make diet and lifestyle changes
too
• Some will need a medical examination before
attempting physical activity
• However, increasing physical activity/
physical fitness is good for everyone
Discussion or Questions
 Review Points
Physical fitness is a product of heredity and
training

Regular weight-bearing exercise is not

considered an accelerating factor for
osteoporosis development in post-menopausal
women?

Training favorably influences hormones and

neurotransmitters associated with depression.
 Review Points
Psychoneuroimmunology studies the relationships of
the links between the brain, the nervous system, and
the immune system.

Positive addiction can be achieved from almost any

physical activity chosen, as long as it meets all the
following criteria; it is performed for approximately
one hour daily, has some physical, mental or spiritual
value, it is done without self-criticism

Another common name for high blood pressure is

hypertension.