UNIT-IV

MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES OF REPAIR

List the course outcome / Topic outcome

Name of the Topic Topic Learning

Course Outcome
covered Outcome
Special concrete Understand the Identify the appropriate
properties of special materials like special
materials concrete, ferro cement, epoxy
resins for repairing and
rehabilitation of structures.

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 SPECIAL CONCRETE

Special Concrete means the concrete used or made for special

cases.
 concrete may be used for some special purpose for which
special properties are more important than those commonly
considered.
 Sometimes, it may be of great importance to enhance one of
the ordinary properties.
 These special applications often become apparent as new
development using new materials or as improvements using the
basic materials.
 Some utilize special aggregates (lightweight aggregate, steel
fiber, plastic fiber, glass fiber, and special heavy aggregate).

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Some special properties — increased compressive and tensile
strength, water proofing, and improved chemical resistance are
achieved with polymers, either as admixtures or surface treatment
of hardened concrete.
 Admixtures for coloring concrete are available in all colors.
 Special admixtures are available for use where the natural
aggregate is alkali reactive, to neutralize this reaction.
 Proprietary admixtures are available that increase the tensile
strength or bond strength of concrete.
 They are useful for making repairs to concrete surfaces.

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Uses and Applications of Special Concrete
 Special concrete is used in extreme weather.
 HPC has been used in large structures such as the Petronas
Towers and the Troll Platform. Petronas Towers was the tallest
concrete building in the world built in Malaysia in the mid-
1990s. In 1998, the deepest offshore platform, the Troll
platform, was built in Norway — a structure taller than the Eiffel
Tower.
 Good cohesiveness or sticky in mixes with very high binder
content

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 Some delay in setting times depending on the compatibility of
cement, fly ash and chemical admixture
 Slightly lower but sufficient early strength for most applications
 Comparable flexural strength and elastic modulus
 Better drying shrinkage and significantly lower creep
 Good protection to steel reinforcement in high chloride
environment
 Excellent durability in aggressive sulphate environments

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 Lower heat characteristics
 Low resistance to de-icing salt scaling
 PC pipes with good resistance to chemical attack from both
acidic and caustic effluents inside the pipe, and from chemical
attack on the outside of the pipe.

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 ADMIXTURES
Definition: It is a material other than cement, water, aggregates.
It is added to concrete before or during mixing.
*Additive: it is added at the time of grinding clinker to get new
properties of cement.
Functions:
Classification:
Accelerators:
Uses:
i. permit earlier removal of formwork
ii. reduce the required period of curing
iii. In the emergency repair work.
Retarders:
 Increases the setting time delays the setting of cement.
 Rate of hydration is slow

More water is available good

workability
 Increases comp. strength
 Plasticizers:
The organic substances or combinations of organic and
inorganic substances
Super plasticizers:
1. Improved version of plasticizer
2. Use of super plasticizers permit the reduction of water to the
extent up to 30 per cent without reducing workability.
Pozzolanic or Mineral Admixtures:
List the course outcome / Topic outcome

Name of the Topic covered Course Outcome

Special concrete Identify the appropriate materials like special

concrete, ferro cement, epoxy resins for
repairing and rehabilitation of structures.

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 Polymer concrete

Polymer cement concrete is a composite concrete that consist of

synthetic polymer within the binding material.
 Polymers may be divided into two categories.

1. Natural polymers (also called biopolymers) include silk,

rubber, cellulose, wool, amber, keratin, collagen, starch, DNA,
and shellac.
2. Synthetic polymers are prepared by a chemical reaction,
often in a lab. Examples of synthetic polymers include PVC
(polyvinyl chloride), polystyrene, synthetic rubber, silicone,
polyethylene, neoprene, and nylon.
Type of Polymer Concrete
Four types of polymer concrete materials are being developed
presently. They are:
(a) Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC).
(b) Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC).
(c) Polymer Concrete (PC).
(d) Partially Impregnated and surface coated polymer concrete.
Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
precast conventional concrete, cured and dried in oven, or by
dielectric heating, then a monomer is diffused by heating or
chemical reaction.
Mainly the following types of monomer are used:
(a) Methylmethacrylate (MMA),
(b) Styrene,
(c) Acrylonitrile,
(d) t-butyl styrene,
(e) Other thermoplastic monomers.
 The amount of monomer that can be loaded into a concrete
specimen is limited by the amount of water and air that has
occupied the total void space.

Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC)

Polymer cement concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregates,
water and monomer.
Such plastic mixture is cast in moulds, cured, dried and
polymerised.
The monomers that are used in PCC are:
(a) Polyster-styrene.
(b) Epoxy-styrene.
(c) Furans.
(d) Vinylidene Chloride.
Polymer Concrete (PC))
 Polymer concrete is an aggregate bound with a polymer binder
instead of Portland cement as in conventional concrete.

Partially Impregnated (or Coated in Depth CID) and Surface

Coated (SC) Concrete
It is produced by initially soaking the dried specimens in liquid
monomer like methyl methacrylate, then sealing them by keeping
them under hot water at 70°C to minimise loss due to evaporation.
 The polymerisation can be done by adding 3% by weight of
benzoyl peroxide to the monomer as a catalyst.
Applications
Prefabricated structural elements.
(b) Prestressed concrete.
(c ) Marine works.
(d) Desalination plants.
(e ) Nuclear power plants.
(f ) Sewage works—pipe and disposal works
(h) For water proofing of structures.
(i ) Industrial applications.