10-SI3112 Bonds

Concrete Structure
(Bonds and Anchorage)
Erwin Lim
EL SI 3112
References
References:
Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., Dolan, C.W., “Design of Concrete
Structures,” McGraw-Hill
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Fundamentals of
Flexural Bond
Fundamentals of Flexural Bonds
Plain bars without surface
deformation: bond strength were
provided only by:
(1) weak chemical adhesion and
(2) mechanical friction between steel
and concrete.
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Deformed bars, bond strength were
provided by: (1) weak chemical
adhesion,
(2) mechanical friction, and
(3) bearing between ribs and
concrete.
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In beam, the change in bending moment,
produces a change in the bar force.
dM
dT 
jd
Where :
jd : internal lever arm between tensile and
compressive force resultants.
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Since the bars must be in equilibrium, the change
of bar force is resisted at the contact surface
between steel and concrete by an equal force.
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If U is the magnitude of local bond force per unit
length, then by summing horizontal forces :
U .dx  dT
dT
U (1)
dx
This indicate local bond force is proportional to
rate of change of bar force.
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dT
U
dx
Substituting dT, unit bond force can be written :
1 dM
U
jd dx
V
U (2)
jd
• called “elastic cracked section equation” for
flexural bond force.
• Only applied to tensile reinf.
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Actual Distributions of Flexural Bond Force
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(a) The concrete fails to resist tensile stresses only

where the actual crack is located; there the steel
tension is maximum.
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(b) Between cracks, the concrete does resist
moderate amount of tension, indicated by bond
forces along the interface.
M
T
jd
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From Eq. 1, it is clear that U is proportional to rate
of change in bar force.
Therefore, bond forces are highest where the

slope of steel force is greatest.
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Bond Strength and
Development Length
Bond Failure
Two types of bond failure :
1. Direct pullout of bar

Occur when ample confinement is provided by the
surrounding concrete
2. Splitting of concrete along the bar

When cover, confinement, or bar spacing is
insufficient to resist lateral concrete tension.
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Bond Transfer between Steel and
Concrete
(a) Bearing forces on the (b) Bearing forces on

deformation of rebar the concrete
Bearing force
Tangential component:
induces pullout failure
(c) Tangential and radial Radial component:
component of bearing force induces splitting failure
Bond Strength
Bond failure resulting from splitting is more
common than direct pullout.
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Bond Strength
Dowel action increase the tendency toward splitting. This

indicate that shear and bond failures are often intricately
interrelated.
When pullout resistance is overcome, or when splitting has
spread all the way to the end of an unanchored bar, complete
bond failure occurs.
Sliding of steel relative to concrete leads to immediate
collapse.
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Bond Strength
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Bond Strength
If one considers the large local variation of bond
force, local bond failure adjacent to crack will
often occur immediately.
Local failure can be harmless as long as failure

does not propagate along the bar.
When end anchorage is reliable, bond failure can

occur without endangering the carrying capacity
of beam.
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Bond Strength
End anchorage can be provided by hooks or by
extending the straight bar a sufficient distance
from maximum stress.
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Development Length
is defined as that length of necessary length to
develop the full tensile strength of the bar,
controlled by either pullout or splitting.
If the bar stress is f s at a , then the total tension

force Ab f s must be transferred from the bar to the
concrete in the distance by bond forces.
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Development Length
Factors influencing development length :
1. Concrete tensile strength
2. Cover distance
3. Spacing of reinforcement
4. Presence of transverse reinforcement
Ab f y  ud d b
 
  uu Ab f y
 fs d
d 
  c  K tr 
b
 1,1 fc '    d
  db 
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Development Length
Tensile strength is the most important because
the term fc ' appears in the denominator of
equation for development length.
Ab f y  ud d b
 
 
fs uu Ab f y
d   d
  c  K tr 
b
 1,1 fc '    d
  db 
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Development Length
Cover distance : if cover is increased, more

concrete is available to resist the tension from
the wedging effect of deformed bars,
resistance to splitting is improved and
development length is less.
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Development Length
If bar spacing increased, more concrete will be

available to resist horizontal splitting.
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Development Length
Transverse reinforcement improves the
resistance of tensile bars because the tensile
force in transverse steel tends to prevent
opening of crack.
The effectiveness of transverse reinforcement
depends on its cross sectional area and spacing
along the development length
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Development Length
The length d needed to develop stress f s in
reinforcing bar :
 
 
 fy  t e s d
d 
 1,1 fc '  c  K 
b
 
b tr
 
  db 
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Development Length
The vertical location of horizontal bars relative to beam

depth has an effect. If bars are placed in the forms during
construction such that a substantial depth of concrete is
placed below those bars, there is a tendency for excess
water.
Air and water tends to accumulate on the underside of the
bars, which cause significant loss in bond strength for bars.
Accordingly, dev. length must be increased.
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Development Length
Epoxy coated reinforcing bars are often used

regularly in projects where the structure may
be subjected to corrosive condition.
Epoxy reduces the friction between concrete
and the bar, therefore, development length
must be increased.
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ACI CODE Provisions
Basic Eq. for Development of Tension Bars
Fundamental requirement is calculated force in

the reinforcement at each section of a
reinforced concrete member be developed on
each side of that section by adequate
embedment length, hooks, mechanical
anchorage, to ensure against pullout.
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 
 
 f y  t e s d
d 
 1,1 fc '  c  K 
b
 
b tr
 
  db 
to avoid pullout failure

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Simplified Eq. for Development Length
In simplified eq., the value of (c + Ktr)/db is set to 1,5.
Practical cases :
1. Min. clear cover of 1,0 db, min, clear spacing of 1,0
db and at least minimum stirrup of ties throughout ld
2. Min. clear cover of 1,0 db and min. clear spacing of

2,0 db
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Development length at simple support
a  max d ;12db 
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Anchorage of Tension
Bars by Hooks
Standard Dimensions
In the event that the desired tensile stress in a bar

cannot be developed by bond alone, it is necessary to
provide a special anchorage at the end of the bar.
Usually by means of a 90o or 180o hook or by using a

headed bar.
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Standard Dimensions
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Standard Dimensions
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Dev. Length for Hooked Bars
Hooked bars resist pullout by combination of bonds

along the bar and anchorage provided by the hook.
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For standard hooks, dev. Length is :
 0, 24 e f y 
ldh    db
  fc '
 
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According to ACI, for bars hooked at the discontinuous

ends of members with both side cover and top or
bottom cover less than 2,5 in, hooks MUST be enclosed
with closed stirrups or ties along the development
length.
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 0, 24 e f y 
  db
  fc ' 
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Example 2
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Anchorage in Tension
using Headed Bars
Dev. Length & Modification Factors
The bond strength of headed bars is result of

combination of bond along the bars and bearing at the
face of the head.
Prior to failure, the bond force along the bar increases

and the decreases as slip occurs, while the bearing
force on the bearing head increases.
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 0,19 e f y 
  db
 fc ' 
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Development of Bars in
Compression
Compression Reinforcement
Bars in compression, a part of total force is transferred

by bond along the embedded length, and a part is
transferred by end bearing of the bars on the concrete.
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According to ACI Code 12.3, development length in

compression is greater than :
 0, 24 f y 
ldc   
  fc '
 
and
ldc  0, 043 f y db
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 0, 24 f y 
 
  fc ' 
0, 043 f y db
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Bar Cutoff and Bend
Point in Beams
Point of Cutoff
Steel requirement easily varied in accordance with

requirement for flexure, and is common practice to
either cut off bars where they are no longer needed to
resist stress.
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Practical Consideration
In common application on construction, in no case the

tensile steel be discontinued exactly at the theoretically
described points.
ACI Code 12.10 requires that every bar discontinued at

least a distance equal to the effective depth of beam or
12db, beyond the point at which theoretically no longer
required to resist stress, except at support of simple
spans and at the end of cantilever.
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Practical Consideration
It is necessary that the calculated stress in the steel at

each section be developed by adequate embedded
length of end anchorage.
Full development length must be provided beyond

critical at which peak stress exists.
These critical sections are located at maximum moment

and at points where adjacent terminated reinforcement
in no longer needed.
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Point of Cutoff
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Concrete Structure

(Bonds and Anchorage)

(a) The concrete fails to resist tensile stresses only

Therefore, bond forces are highest where the

1. Direct pullout of bar

2. Splitting of concrete along the bar

(a) Bearing forces on the (b) Bearing forces on

Dowel action increase the tendency toward splitting. This

Local failure can be harmless as long as failure

When end anchorage is reliable, bond failure can

If the bar stress is f s at a , then the total tension

Cover distance : if cover is increased, more

If bar spacing increased, more concrete will be

The vertical location of horizontal bars relative to beam

Epoxy coated reinforcing bars are often used

Fundamental requirement is calculated force in

to avoid pullout failure

In simplified eq., the value of (c + Ktr)/db is set to 1,5.

2. Min. clear cover of 1,0 db and min. clear spacing of

In the event that the desired tensile stress in a bar

Usually by means of a 90o or 180o hook or by using a

Hooked bars resist pullout by combination of bonds

For standard hooks, dev. Length is :

According to ACI, for bars hooked at the discontinuous

The bond strength of headed bars is result of

Prior to failure, the bond force along the bar increases

Bars in compression, a part of total force is transferred

According to ACI Code 12.3, development length in

Steel requirement easily varied in accordance with

In common application on construction, in no case the

ACI Code 12.10 requires that every bar discontinued at

It is necessary that the calculated stress in the steel at

Full development length must be provided beyond

These critical sections are located at maximum moment

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