Grade

Discovering Science
Unit 3. Fluids and Viscosity
 Chapter 7

Viscosity describes a fluid s resistance ”to flow.

 QUESTIONS

• Why do some fluids seem to hold their shape

longer?
• Why do some fluids take up more space than
other fluids at different I temperatures?
• Why do some fluids flow slowly while other
flow quickly?
 The Particles Theory
• All matter is made up of particles.
• These particles are constantly moving —
they have energy.
• There are spaces between these particles.
• There are attractive forces between the
particles.
• The particles of one substance differs from
the
particles of other substances.
 The States of Matter

Properties
State Shape Volume Particle Particle
Arrangement Movement
Soli Fixed Does not Tight Vibrate
d change
Liquid Unfixed Does not Tight Flowing
change
Ga Unfixed Changes Loose Random
S
The Changing states of matter

• Melting – Solid to liquid

• Freezing- Liquid to Solid
• Evaporation- Liquid to Gas
• Condensation- Gas to liquid
 Chapter 8

Density describes the amount of

i+łõ55 in a given volume of a
substance
 Densit
• Density is the amount of mass in a certain unit volume of
a substance.
• A bowling ball has a high density of particles in
comparison to a balloon filled with helium gas or a glass of
water.
Density continued

** Solid objects can move easily through liquids

and gasses, while gases and liquids find it
difficult to travel through solids, if at all.

• Gasses are less dense than liquids

• Liquids are less dense than solids

* Displacement is the amount of space that an

object takes up when placed in a fluid.
 Pressure

Pressure is the force acting on a certain area of a surface. A gas exerts a

pressure because of the collisions of the particles with each other and
against the sides of the container.
Pumping more gas into a container increases the number of gas particles in
the container. This increases the number of collisions and therefore
increases the pressure.
Expansion & Contraction of materials
1. Solids,liquids&gases tend to expand when heated and contract when cooled.
2. Particles of liquids and gases are in a state of constant motion.
3. As a material is heated, movement of particles increases and they move apart.
When cooled the opposite happens.
4. Note: when a material expands or contracts the size and number of particles
do not change,only the spaces between the particles get larger or smaller.
 Diffusion

• It is a process inwhich
 Calculating Density,Volume and
Mass
• Density is the amount of mass in a certain unit
volume of a substance.

• Volume is a measurement of the amount of

space occupied by a substance.

• Mass is the amount of matter in a substance.

 Calculatin Densit
Formula: Word Problem:
• Find the density of a
• Density (0) = M÷V substance with a mass of
25 g and a volume of 4 cm3

• D m/V
• D = 25 g / 4 cm3
• D = 6.25 g/cm3
 Calculatin Volume
Formula: Word Problem:
Volume = Mass ÷Density • Find the volume of a
substance with a density of
8.5 g/ cm3 and a mass of 34
g,

• V m/D
• V = 34 g / 8.5 cm3
• V = 4 cm3
 Calculatin Mass
Formula: Word Problem:
• Mass (m) = Volume (V’) x Find the mass of a
• Density (D) substance with a density of
10.2 g/ cm3 and a volume
of 3.4 cm3.
m = V×D
• m = VD
• m = 3.4 cm3 x 10.2 g/
cm3
• m = 34.68 g
 Densit Chan es in Ever da Life
Examples:
• A baking cake
• Water (three states)
• Warms and cool tire pressure
• Drying wood
• Hot air balloons
• Salt water
 Chapter 9

Forces influence the motion and

properties of fluids
 Force

• A force is a “push” or “pull”.

• A force can start an object to move or stop
an
object from moving.
• A force can cause an object to speed up or
slow down.
• A force can change the direction of a moving
object.
• A force can be a bend, twist of squeeze.
• An arrow is used to symbolize force
(a) II you push Ihe ball, it starts to roll (b) If you posh against the molion ol
ihe ball, you con stop it

(c) I! you push of an angle la the (d) If you apply balanced forces you
boil's molion. you change the me‹eIy squeeze the ball
direc lion oi the motion
 es of Forces

• Buoyancy

• Magnetic

• Gravity

• Friction
 Forces
Balanced Forces: Unbalanced Forces:
• Balanced forces are • One force is greater than
equal to each other and another
opposite in direction to each • Kinetic energy — energy
other. in
• Potential energy - stored motion/
energy; energy at rest.
 Mass vs. Wei ht
Mass:
• Mass remains the same
no matter where an object
is in the universe.
Weight:
• Weight is the measure
of the push or pull, of
gravity on an object.
• Weight is measured in
units of Newton (N).
• The weight of an object
on the moon is 1/6 of that
on Earth. A 600 N person
would weigh 100 N on the
moon.
 anc - The “Anti-Gravit “ Force
• Buoyancy is the upward force of an object
that is submerged or floating in/on a fluid.
• In other words buoyancy is the upward push of a
substance away from the natural pull of center of the
Earth.
 Obiects Which Have Buo ant
Forces Actin on Them
• Boat
• Hot air
Balloon
• Airplane
• Swimmer
• Parachutist
 Archimedes’ Princi Ie
• The buoyant force acting on an object equals the weight
(force of gravity) of the fluid being displaced by the
object.
• If the force of gravity pulling down on an object is equal
to the amount of buoyant force pushing up then the object
is said to have neutral buoyancy; it will neither rise or sink.

Baaker la cetch
water
Salt Water vs. Fresh Water

Fluids with high density (particles are closer

together) exert a ¿¡reater buoyant force than fluids
with low density (particles farther apart from
each other).
• Example: Salt water is more dense than fresh water,
therefore, object is salt water will float better than
is fresh water.
 Desi n Influences an Obiect's Abilit
to Sink or Float
Concrete or steel boat vs. a chunk of concrete or a
section of steal.
• A silk/canvass hot air balloon vs. a sheet of canvass.
• Submarine vs. an iron pole.

, .''' .*. *, ,..•,•..,.

,
 Avera e Densit
• The average density of an object is the total mass of
all substances that make up the object divided by
the total volume of the object.

• Ships can be built of steel because the haul of the

ships can be constructed large enough to ensure the
density of air in the haul is low.
 Pressure

• Pressure is the force acting on a certain

area of a surface.

• Example: When you place your finger on a

bruise, you are applying pressure to that
specific area. You are not applying pressure
to your ankle, ... Just the bruise.
 Force Area and Pressure
Two General Conclusions
1.) The larger the force, the greater the
pressure.

2.) The smaller the area, the

greater the pressure.
 Calculatin Pressure
Formula: Word Problem:
• Pressure is calculated by measuring the force • A serving jug hold SOO N of Kool-Aid.
that is being exerted on an object and dividing it
by the area over which the force is being If the base of the serving jug is
exerted. 0.05 m*, what pressure does the Kool-
Aide exert on the base of the serving
• Pressure \P) -— Force (F) / Area
jug?
(A)
P -— F[A P ——F j A
P -- S00 /V/0.05 m^ P = 10
• Pressure is measured in units of 000 Pa
pascals (Pa)
 Calculatin Force
Formula: word
• Force (F) ——Pressure |P) x Problem:
If 63 000 Pa of pressure is
• being exerted on a rubber
Area |A) ducky with a area of 0.09
PxA m*, how much force is
being exerted on the
rubber ducky?
• F -- P x A
• F -- 63 000 Pa x 0.09 m*
• F -— 5670 N
 Calculatin Area
Formula: Word Problem:
• Area |A) ——Force (F) / If 500 N of force is being
• exerted on a balloon
Pressure |P) creating pressure of
1600 Pa, what is
the area of the object?
A -— F f
• A -— Fl P
P
• A 500 N / 1600 Pa
• A = 0.3125 m2
 Pressure Volume and Tern erature
• Increasing the temperature of a gas i
volume of the gas (pressure being held e
constant).
• Increasing the temperature of a gas increases the
pressure of the gas (volume being held constant).

• Increasing the pressure of a gas decreases the

volume of a gas (temperature being held constant).
 COOglflG TNES
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Compression vs. Incompressibility

• Compression
The ability to squeeze into a smaller volume.
ex. Aerosol cans
• Incompressibility
The inability to squeeze into a smaller volume .
ex. Try squeezing a unopened 21 Pepsi bottle. What
happened... did not happened?
 Pascal's Law

• Pascal's law states that pressure applied to an

enclosed fluid is transmitted with equal
force throughout the entire
container.

Discuss:
• Compressed air
• Propane cylinders
• Aerosol cans
 lication of Pascal's Law

• A car lift

• An hydraulic jack

• Automatic breaking system

Hydraulics vs. Pneumatics

• Hydraulics is the study of pressure on

“fluids”.

• Pneumatics is the study of pressure on

“apses”.
 New Technoloeies

Hydraulic exerts/transmits
• Devices which System Pneumatic S stem
force on a continuous, • Devises which
enclosed liquid. exert/transmits force on
• Examples: dentist chair, dump continuous enclosed
truck, loaders, car lifts, gas.
human circulatory system... • Examples: Air
compressors,
jack hammers, air nail
gun,