How do I cite

this $#!%????

APA Essentials
Seventh Edition
 Overview

• the purpose of citing and referencing in

academic writing
• when and how to properly cite your sources
• what kinds of information require citation
• how to integrate quotes and other
information into your writing
• basic APA citation guidelines.
In-Text Citations: These are short
parenthetical notes that
Wang indicate
et al.when an in the article “miR miR on
(2018),
idea presented in your writing relies upon
Wang
the Wall,et
the work/thinking of another.
al.
Who's (2018)
the Mostcontextualize
Malignant
Medulloblastoma miR of Them All?”,
literature on miRNA.
contextualize literature onCITING
miRNA. AND
REFERENCIN
References: These are detailed notes at the
G
end of the paper that identify the authors,
titles, publishers, and any other important
information about the resources you have
consulted.
Why Cite?
Avoid Plagiarism

Give Credit to Others

Validate Claims

Scholarly Credibility

Reading List
When to
Cite?
You need to provide citations
and references whenever an
idea you present or statement
you make is dependent on the
work of others. ANSWER
 Beyoncé

“If you liked it then you should have put a citation on it.”
 Direct
Quotes
Two
Instances
Paraphrased
Passages
 Direct Quotes

ot …
Three significant words or
#
is n
It
more require “quotation
marks.’’
You need a name, date, and The
page number statio
nary
In most cases, paraphrasing is movi store
preferred. ng. is
Ideal for lists of academic
terms of definitions.
 Paraphrasing

Frame ideas from the

source in your own
Paraphrasing words.

Creates consistency
when citing material is
written in a different
tense or perspective.
What Gets
Cited?
 To Cite, or Not to Cite?
L S
TT A
S
WHAT TO CITE
O
• Uncommon knowledge
• Contested theories/facts
• Statistics
• Images/graphs/table
• Other’s perspectives
• Specific words/phrases
AnT

M O
>50%%
y original i
or research
AVERA
GE
de a
!

S
 To Cite, or Not to Cite?
Altern
Informal
a t ely
WHAT NOT TO CITE

Not e s • Common knowledge

Casual • Common opinions
• Proverbs, idioms,
o u nt er s expressions
Enc
Colloquial
Not sure if you
need a citation?

CITE
ANYWAY!
 How to Cite?
Parenthetica
Narrative
l
 NARRATIVE

The authors’ names are

integrated into the
sentence.
PARENTHETICAL

The authors’ names are

offset in parentheses.
 How to Cite:
Direct Quotes
Narrative Citation
Grande (2019) suggests that “there
are no tears left to cry” (p. 45).

Parenthetical Citation
Evidence suggests that “there are no
tears left to cry” (Grande, 2019, p.
45).
 How to Cite:
Paraphrased Passages
Narrative Citation
Holmes and Watson (2021) argue
that deductive reasoning can help
solved crimes.

Parenthetical Citation

Deductive reasoning can help solved

crimes (Holmes & Watson, 2021).
 Repetitive Citations

CITATION
Anecdotal evidence suggests a drug known as FCM caused
arousal in humans (Lōc, 1989). Likewise, animal testing
SIGNAL
found that it elicited excitement in dogs (Lōc, 1989). Other
anecdotal evidence found that it inspired an excessive desire
for extreme commitment PHRASING
(Lōc, 1989). Thus, it is
recommended that this drug not be used (Lōc, 1989).
SANDWICH
 Repetitive Citations

Lōc (1989) conducted a meta analysis on a drug known as

FCM. In some cases, he found that it caused arousal in
humans; however, he also found that inspired an excessive
desire for extreme commitment. The meta analysis likewise
reviewed some animal testing and found that it elicited
excitement in dogs. Thus, due to conflicting findings, it is
recommended that this drug not be used (Lōc, 1989).
 Repetitive Citations

Patel (2023) examined the relationship between X and Y.

CITATION
She recruited 80 participants. Each participant completed
SIGNAL
a survey. Data from the survey was analyzed using ANOVA.

PHRASING
The results from the analysis…
analysis
NO SIGNAL
show the X causes Y.
Therefore, when professionals encounter X, they should
PHRASE!
anticipate Y
SANDWICH
(Patel, 2023).
 Repetitive Narrative Citations

Nazareth (1975) reports that love causes pain.

Geils (1980) argues that love has a strong odor.
Shakespeare (1601) suggests, love has an
ennobling power. Donne (1627) supports this,
arguing that love facilitates redemption.
 Repetitive sentence structure

ISSUES? Focus on author over data

Lack of transitions
 Repetitive Narrative Citations

Research has found that love causes pain (Nazareth,1975)

TRANSITIO TRANSITIO
and has a strong
N
odor (Geils,1980). However, some N
studies found that love has an ennobling power
TRANSITIO
(Shakespeare,1601) and can facilitate
N
redemption
(Donne, 1697).
 Where does the
citation go?

If you add commentary after a

citation within the same
sentence,
insert the citation where the
source’s information ends
and before your commentary
begins
so that the two are not
confused.
 Where 1does the
citation go?
The reader doesn’t see
your contribution.
If you add commentary after a
citation within the same
sentence,
insert the citation
2 where the
source’s information ends
The data
and before seem
your commentary EXAMPLE: One researcher argues that you
begins should not hate the player, but rather the game,
game
misinterpreted or (Everdeen,
which is practical
2019), advice
which is
(Everdeen,
practical advice.
2019).
so that the two are not
misrepresented.
confused.
 Two authors
Additional
Rules
Three or more
authors
 TWO
AUTHORS
Always use both
authors.
 THREE OR
MORE

Use the lead author’s

surname with ‘et al.’
 Two Authors
First Citation
Wazowski and Sullivan (2021) argue
that children are not poisonous to
monsters.

Subsequent Citation
A child’s laugh can power an entire
city for a week (Wazowski & Sullivan,
2021).
 Three or More

Use only the first name with

‘et al.’

According to Jisoo et al.

(2021), some K-pop singers
are pretty savage.
 Singh
treat it et
Singh
When using 'et al.,' et al.
as al. (2021)
(2021) argues…
argue…
a plural noun.
NOTE
Companies or
Organizations
Company/organization name replaces
the author’s name/

According to McDonald’s
(2016), only 98% of their food
items cause heart disease.
Use (n.d.) in place
of the year:
D o not
According to put the
da t e a c c
Drake (n.d.), his e s s e d!
friends used to
call him on his
cell phone. No Date
 Two Articles: Same
Author; Same Year
Add lowercase ‘a’ and ‘b’ to the year
of publication

Things will never be the same

(Cabello, 2018b), especially if
50% of one’s heart is in Havana
(Cabello, 2018a).
 The letters are attributed
based on the alphabetical
order of article titles.

The ‘a’ and ‘b’ appear in the NOTE

reference in that order.
 Indirect Sources

According to Ernie (2020), a

rubber ducky can make baths
fun (as cited in
Burt, 2021).
 APA strongly
encourages citing Note on
sources directly! Indirect
Sources
 Sometimes, we might be Multiple Sources
???
reporting on a contentious
e m at Once
issue. t th
pu
t tooconvince ic a l
o
Thus, innorder
o l g Alphabetize them and link
n o
D our audience,
o them with semicolons:
c h r r !
weinmay want rd e
o to??? cite According to several,
multiple sources that have love hurts (Everly &
replicated the same Everly, 1960 ; Nazareth,
??? findings. 1975 ; Orbison, 1961).
 References: Authors

Single author
Two to twenty authors
More than twenty authors
 EXAMPLE
1. Author’s
One surname Chou,, J.J.
Author 2. A comma
3. Initials
with
period.
 1. Introduce the
first name. EXAMPLE
2. A comma will be
added to
West, K.,
Two to Twenty introduce each Kardashian, K.,
Authors new name.
3. A ‘&’ symbol
& Jenner, K.
will precede the
last name.
4. The last name
will be closed
with a period.
More than 1. List the first nineteen names.
Twenty 2. Introduce an ellipsis
Authors 3. Add the final name listed in the source
 Example: More Than Twenty Author
No
Spa
Stark, T., Parker, P., Banner, B., van Dyne, D., Pym, H., Odinson, c es !
T., Rogers, S., Romanoff, N. A., Danvers, C. S. J., McCoy,
H., Lang, S., Lang, C., Cage, L., Howlett, J. L., Jones, J. C.,
Strange, S., Murdock, M., Summers, A., Summers, S.,
Surfer, S.
Surfer, S.
S.,… ...
&
1. In each reference entry,
the authors’ names should
be sequenced in order of
appearance.
2. The entries themselves
are then alphabetized NOTE
based on the surname of
their lead authors.
Preparing a Reference List

LOCATION?
AUTHORSHIP?
SOURCE?
DATE?
Journal?
AAuthors?
Year?
book? Book?
Month?
ATranslators?
website?
Day?A
Publisher?
Editors?
scholarly
Volume? Electronic
Organizations?
article?
Issue?
location?
Author Date Title Location
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C.

Note: The last name comes first, followed

Author by an initial that has a period after it.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018).

Note: The year follows, in parentheses, and

Note: The last name comes first, followed
Date
Author has a period afterwards, outside of the
by an initial that has a period after it.
parentheses.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money.

Note: The year follows, in parentheses, and

The title of the work is next and is closed
Date
Title has a period afterwards, outside of the
out with a period.
parentheses.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies,
What is the difference between how vs.
Title Case
we have formatted
Italics
Location
Title
Note: The name of theSentence
The
the title of of
titled thethe
work is next
article and
Case
journal is next. A
and is closed
comma will follow it to introduce the
out with a period.
the name
volume of the
and issue Capitalization
journal?
number.
 a p tee r
s s Large works get
C
Ahr t i c l
T i
t t
l l
e ess italicized!
Ti
Italics
Small works don’t.
Italics!
 SENTEN
TITLE
CE
CASE
CASE
 The Journal of Computing
and Coding in the 21 st

Century
Title Case Capitalize everything
T I O NS! except
EXC E P h e
i t a l i z e d t
Always cap r d o f
• Coordinating
firs t w o r d o r f i rs t w o
conjunctions
• u b title.
Short prepositions
a s
• The articles ‘the,’ ‘a’, and ‘an.’
 User hostile design: Why
you should avoid Apple
products
Sentence
Note: You will ONLY capitalize Case
• the first word
• the first word of the subtitle, and
• proper names, initializations, and
acronyms.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies, 8 (8), 1-14.

• Volume numbers (in italics)

Location • Issue number (in parentheses)
• Page range (closed out with a period)
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies, 8 (8), 1-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

• Volume numbers (in italics)

Online journals required a DOI link.
Location • Issue number (in parentheses)
DOI = Digital Object Identifier
• Page range (closed out with a period)
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies, 8 (8), 1-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ O T U S E
DO N D
B LA C K AN
B O L D ,
The text must be hyperlinked.
R L I NE
Online journals
U DE
Nrequired a DOI link.
Location Use the default formatting or
DOI = Digital Object Identified
change it to conform to your text.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies, 8 (8), 1-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
doi:10101010101 O T U S E
DO N D
B LA C K AN
B O L D ,
The text must be hyperlinked.
R L I NE
Online
If you can’t find E
D doi link,
UNrequired
journals the a DOI link. use
simply
Location Use
the
the default formatting or
DOIdoi number.Object Identified
= Digital
change it to conform to your text.
 Example: Online Journal
Gambino, C. (2018). This is America: We just
want the money. The Journal of American
Sociological and Political Studies, 8 (8), 1-14.
http://www.thisisfake.org
doi:10101010101

If you can’t find either the doi link or

If you can’t find the doi link, simply use
Location number, simply use (and hyperlink) the
the doi number.
URL.
 BOOKS
bo ut a r ti c l e s
Wh a t a
d bo o k s ? • Author
in edite
• Date
• Title
• In italics
• In sentence case
• Publisher
Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’

Author Date Title Location

Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’ In N. Minaj (Ed.),

• The word ‘In’ introduces the editors.

Editors
Author • TheDate Title
editor’s initial and Location
then surname follows.
• This is followed by (Ed.) and a comma.
Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’ In N. Minaj,
J. Jessie, & B. Knowles (Eds.),

• The word ‘In’ introduces the editors.

Editors •If there is moreinitial
The editor’s thanand
onethen
editor, use (Eds.).
surname follows.
• This is followed by (Ed.) and a comma.
Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’ In N. Minaj,
J. Jessie, & B. Knowles (Eds.),Challenging
patriarchal power dynamics

The title of the book comes next.

Title
Editors •If there is more than one editor, use (Eds.).
It is italicized.
• It is formatted using sentence case.
Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’ In N. Minaj,
J. Jessie, & B. Knowles (Eds.),Challenging
patriarchal power dynamics (pp. 1-33).

The title of the book comes next.

Parenthesize the page numbers, preceded
Location
Title • It is italicized.
by ‘pp.’
• It is formatted using sentence case.
 Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman:
Do nWhy you
o
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’theIn N.t iMinaj
nclud ,
publi e
J. Jessie, & B. Knowles (Eds.),Challenging
locat
sher ’
s
patriarchal power dynamics (pp. 1-33).ion!
Illuminate Press.

Parenthesize the page numbers, preceded

Location Introduce
by ‘pp.’
the publisher.
Example: Chapter in an Edited Book
Ariana, G. (2018). God is a woman: Why you
Shouldn’t call women ‘angel.’ In N. Minaj,
J. Jessie, & B. Knowles (Eds.),Challenging
patriarchal power dynamics (pp. 1-33).
Illuminate Press. http://www.thisisfake.com

If it is an e-book, close out the reference

Location Introduce the publisher.
with the URL/doi link, or doi number.