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Heat Work and Internal Energy
Heat Work and Internal Energy
INTERNAL ENERGY
GLOBAL
WARMING?
THERMODYNAMICS: the science of energy,
specifically heat and work, and how the transfer
of energy effects the properties of materials.
Thermodynamics:
W=Fxd
Pressure (P) = (Force) F or F = P A
(Area) A
Volume (V) = L x W x H or A x d
d=V
A
W=PAV =PV
A
Internal Energy (U or E)
: (measured in joules) Vibrational kinetic
- Sum of random energy in solids.
translational, rotational, The hotter the
and vibrational kinetic object, the larger
energies the vibrational
U: change in U kinetic energy
U > 0 is a gain of
internal energy
U < 0 is a loss of
internal energy
----------------------------------
Thermal Energy:
same as internal Motions of a
energy diatomic
molecule in a
fluid
INTERNAL ENERGY (U or E)
is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of
molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the
potential energy associated with the vibrational and
electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals.
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that :
The internal energy of a system changes
from an initial value Ui to a final value Uf due
to heat added (Q) and work done by the system
(W)
U = Uf – Ui = Q – W
Solution:
U = Q - W
= 1000 J - 400 J
= 600 J
Example: 800 J of work is done on a
system (W = -800 J) as 500 J of
thermal energy is removed from the
system (Q = -500 J).
What is the change in the system's
internal energy U?
-----------------------------------------------------
Solution:
U = Q - W
= -500 J - (-800 J)
= -500 J + 800 J
= 300 J
Work Done by an Expanding
Gas
Since ΔV = 0, W = 0 then U = Q - W = Q
Adiabatic Expansion of a Ideal Gas
No heat transfer therefore no temperature change (Q=0).
Generally obtained by surrounding the entire system
with a strongly insulating material or by carrying out the
process so quickly that there is no time for a significant
heat transfer to take place.
If Q = 0 then ΔU = - W
A system that expands under
adiabatic conditions does
positive work, so the internal
energy decreases.
A system that contracts
under adiabatic conditions
does negative work, so the
internal energy increases.
Adiabatic Expansion of a Ideal Gas
Both adiabatic expansion and
compression of gases occur in
only hundredths of a second in
the cylinders of a car’s engine.
Area
underneath
the slope
represents
the amount
of work done
(P x V).
Refrigerators work by taking heat from the interior
and depositing it on the exterior
The compressor raises the pressure and temperature
of the refrigerant (freon or ammonia) while the coils
OUTSIDE the refrigerator allow the now hot
refrigerant to dissipate the heat
The warm refrigerant flows through an expansion
valve from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone, so
it expands and evaporates
• The coils INSIDE the