THE CHARACTERISTICS AND

FORMS OF PARAGRAPH WRITING,

AND FORMS OF TECHNICAL
WRITING DISCOURSE

INTRODUCTION
DISCUSSANTS:
• KRIS ELIJAH MOJICA
• ladymay j. loayon
• john bASIL A. PATUAL
• KARISA LOUISE ARREZA
PECASALES
• AILENE PANDELING
• JAYCEL MYE LAMBACO LUAREZ
• PRINCESS CHEWON CABALLES
PARK
 ?
P H
A Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to ;

01 02 03
IDENTIFY THE VALUE THE
APPLY THE
IMPORTANCE OF
CHARACTERISTIC CHARACTERISTIC LEARNING THE
S AND FORMS OF S IN WRITING A CHARACTERISTIC
PARAGRAPH PARAGRAPH S AND FORMS OF
WRITING AND PARAGRAPHS?
TECHNICAL
G

WRITING
A

DISCOURSE
 N D
A
R IN A
IT H T.
W TEX
O F

WHAT IS A
PARAGRAPH?
A PARAGRAPH:
IS A FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING
BLOCK IN WRITING, SERVING AS A
SELF-CONTAINED UNIT THAT
REVOLVES AROUND A SINGLE
MAIN IDEA. IT GROUPS RELATED
SENTENCES THAT ELABORATE ON
THIS CENTRAL CONCEPT,
CREATING A CLEAR AND
COHESIVE UNIT WITHIN A
 WHAT ARE THE
CHARACTERISTICS
AND FORMS OF
PARAGRAPH?
COHERENCE

UNITY

EMPHASIS
 WHAT IS
COHERENCE?
 COHERENCE

UNITY
CONSISTENCY

RELEVANCE ORGANIZED
coherence
•Refers to the extent to which the flow of
ideas in a paragraph.
•Related to unity
•When a writer changes the main idea or
topic within a paragraph, confusion often
results.
 EXAMPLE:
“Schools should offer courses to help students with the
problems of unemployment. Such a course might begin with a
discussion of where to find employment, and then cover resume
writing and interviewing. Algebra and history don’t help
students with real-world needs. They are required courses that
students aren’t interested in, and this is frustrating for students
who would rather learn about other subjects. If schools offered
job-skills courses, students would be well prepared for the
difficult task of finding a job once they finish school.”
EXAMPLE:

I HAD THE MOST BEAUTIFUL EXPERIENCE

WHEN I WENT TO THE ZOO. I SAW
DIFFERENT KINDS OF BIRDS. BUT IT WAS
MY FIRST TIME TO SEE A CARABAO FLYING.
HOW TO
ACHIEVE •A WRITER
COHERENCE? SHOULD SHOW
HOW ALL OF
THE IDEAS
CONTAINED IN
A PARAGRAPH
ARE RELEVANT
TO THE TOPIC.
UNITY
uNITY

REFERS TO THE COHERENCE

AND FOCUS OF THE
PARAGRAPH'S CONTENT. A
PARAGRAPH IS CONSIDERED
UNIFIED WHEN ALL THE
SENTENCES WITHIN IT
SUPPORT A SINGLE MAIN
WHAT IS THE ACHIEVING UNITY IN A
IMPORTANCE OF PARAGRAPH INVOLVES
ENSURING THAT EACH

UNITY IN SENTENCE DIRECTLY RELATES

TO THE TOPIC SENTENCE,
WHICH TYPICALLY
PARAGRAPH? INTRODUCES THE MAIN IDEA
OR CONTROLLING POINT.
SUPPORTING DETAILS,
EXAMPLES, EXPLANATIONS,
AND TRANSITIONS WITHIN THE
PARAGRAPH SHOULD ALL
SERVE TO REINFORCE AND
CLARIFY THAT MAIN IDEA.
HOW WILL YOU SHOW
UNITY OF SENTENCES?
ALL OF THE SENTENCES IN A
PARAGRAPH SHOULD STAY “ON
TRACK;” THAT IS, THEY SHOULD
CONNECT TO THE TOPIC. ONE WAY TO
PRESERVE UNITY IN A PARAGRAPH IS
TO START WITH A TOPIC SENTENCE
THAT SHOWS THE MAIN IDEA OF THE
PARAGRAPH. THEN, MAKE SURE EACH
Example 1 (without unity)
Robert Bee wrote, “The Zeeland massacre
illustrates the need fogreater control and
vigilance.” This is related to the thesis.
Some 20,000 people disappeared from the
villages. Financial mishandling can lead to
great misfortune. Corruption in the
government was exposed repeatedly to no
avail. A police force, under orders to
eliminate suspected terrorists, grabbed
political dissidents and their families.
EXAMPLE 2 (UNIFIED)
T H E P O G R O M O F M AY 3 , 1 9 8 7 E X E M P L I F I E S H O W
F O R E I G N A I D F U N D S W E R E A P P R O P R I AT E D F O R
R E P R E S S I V E R AT H E R T H A N S O C I A L D E V E L O P M E N T
P U R P O S E S . O N T H AT D AY, S O M E 2 0 , 0 0 0 P E O P L E W E R E
A B D U C T E D F R O M V I L L A G E S I N T H E C O U N T RY S I D E ,
C H A R G E D A S T R A I T O R S A N D S U M M A R I LY E X E C U T E D .
T H E N G O V E R N O R - F O R - L I F E Z E E LY Z E E L A F S U N H A D
R E C E N T LY U S E D $ 5 B I L L I O N I N A I D T O C R E AT E A
S T A N D I N G PA R A M I L I T A R Y P O L I C E F O R C E . W I T H O U T
SOME RESTRICTIVE CONTROL OVER THE AID, HUMAN
R I G H T S O R G A N I Z AT I O N S W E R E U N A B L E T O P R E V E N T T H E
B U I L D U P A N D U N L E A S H I N G O F T H I S D I S A S T E R . R O B E RT
BEE, THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM
F O U N D AT I O N W R O T E , “ T H E Z E E L A N D M A S S A C R E
I L L U S T R AT E S T H E N E E D F O R G R E AT E R C O N T R O L A N D
EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS

• IS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE

PARAGRAPH COMPOSITION
IN WHICH THE IMPORTANT
IDEAS ARE MADE TO
STAND. IN HERE IT IS VERY
IMPORTANT THAT THE
MAIN POINTS OF THE
WRITER SHOULD BE
EVIDENT INSIDE THE
PARAGRAPH.
HOW TO ACHIEVE EMPHASIS
IN THE PARAGRAPH?

01 02 03 04
EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS
BY BY PAUSE BY BY
PROPORTIO POSITION REPETITIO
N N
EMPHASIS BY
PROPORTION
-THE SUBORDINATE IDEAS
SHOULD BE GIVEN LESS
SUBSTANCE WHILE IDEAS
aWHICH HAVE GREATER
IMPORTANCE SHOULD BE
GIVEN MORE SUBSTANCE.
EMPHASIS BY
pause
-THE EMPHASIS IS
ESTABLISHED BY MAKING
CHAPTER DIVISIONS,
PARAGRAPH BREAKS AS
WELL AS MARK OF
PUNCTUATION.
 Example:
WE NEED TO FOCUS ON OUR GOALS, NOT ON
DISTRACTIONS.
 Example:
I WANT YOU TO UNDERSTAND SOMETHING
IMPORTANT. WE ARE NOT JUST HERE TO
EXIST. WE ARE HERE TO THRIVE, TO LIVE OUR
LIVES TO THE FULLEST.
EMPHASIS BY
POSITION
THE BEGINNING AND END
OF THE PARAGRAPH ARE
CONSIDERED AS CRUCIAL
POINTS WHERE EMPHASIS
SHOULD BE PLACED,
EMPHASIS ARE USUALLY
POSITIONED IN THESE
PLACES.
 Example:

THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE

FACING OUR SOCIETY TODAY IS CLIMATE
CHANGE
 Example:
CLIMATE CHANGE IS THE MOST
SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE FACING OUR
SOCIETY TODAY.
EMPHASIS BY
REPETITION
THE IDEA IS REPEATED IN
DIFFERENT WORDS. THIS
STRATEGY USUALLY
IMPRESSES THE READERS
MORE FORCEFULLY WITH
WHAT THE WRITER IS
TRYING TO SAY.
 Example:
EDUCATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS.
EDUCATION OPENS DOOR. WITH
EDUCATION, ANYTHING IS POSSIBLE.
 Example:
BELIEVE IN YOUR SELF. BELIEVE IN YOUR
DREAMS. BELIEVE THAT YOU CAN MAKE
DIFFERENCE.
 FORMS OF
TECHNICAL
WRITING
DISCOURSE
DESCRIPTIVE

EXPOSITORY
DESCRIPTIVE
 DESCRIPTIVE
TECHNICAL
WRITING:
USES A COMBINATION Of VISUALS AND TEXT TO BOTH “SHOW”
AND “TELL” THE READER ABOUT THE INFORMATION BEING CONVEYED.
LIKE MORE CREATIVE DESCRIPTIONS, TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS
SOMETIMES DRAW ON THE “FIVE SENSES” AND METAPHORICAL
COMPARISONS (ANALOGIES) TO ALLOW THE READER TO FULLY
CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT IS BEING DESCRIBED.
SOME GENERAL 01 MECHANISM
CATEGORIES OF DESCRIPTIONS
TECHNICAL 02 PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS
DESCRIPTIONS INCLUDE
03 DEFINITIONS
THE FOLLOWING:
MECHANISM
DESCRIPTIONS
:PROVIDE A DETAILED OVERVIEW THE
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF A TOOL,
MACHINE OR OTHER MECHANICAL
DEVICE THAT HAS MOVING PARTS AND
IS DESIGNED TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC
FUNCTION. THESE COULD BE PRODUCT
DESCRIPTIONS FOR SALES OR
MANUFACTURING, DOCUMENTATION
OF DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, INFO-
 IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS CLARITY FOR THE
READER, THE WRITER MUST CHOOSE SIGNIFICANT
DETAILS AND ORGANIZE INFORMATION LOGICALLY.
SELECT DETAILS THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED PRECISELY
AND MEASURABLY, SUCH AS
• COLOR
• SHAPE • TECTURE, SMELL,
• SIZE TASTE
• DIMENSION • FINISH
• MATERIALS • PATTERNS,
• COMPONENT DESIGNS
PARTS • INTERACTIONS
• PROPERTIES
PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS:
DETAIL A SERIES OF EVENTS
(NATURAL/ BIOLOGICAL/
ECOLOGICAL, MECHANICAL, SOCIAL,
OR PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON)
THAT HAPPEN IN PARTICULAR
SEQUENCE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A
SPECIFIC OUTCOME.
THESE CAN BE
CATEGORIZED INTO
: • NON-INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESSES (SUCH AS A
PROCESS ANALYSES OF HOW AN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE WORKS, OR NATURAL
PROCESSES LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS) AND
• INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS (SUCH AS
RECOMMENDED/REQUIRED PROCEDURES AND
EXPLICIT STEPBY-STEP INSTRUCTIONS TO BE
FOLLOWED)
DEFINITIONS:

CLARIFY THE SPECIFIC MEANING,

OFTEN RELATED TO A SPECIFIC
CONTEXT, OR EXPRESS THE ESSENTIAL
NATURE OF THE TERMS BEING
DEFINED. THESE CAN RANGE IN
LENGTH FROM A SIMPLE CLARIFYING
PHRASE TO AN EXTENDED DOCUMENT
OF SEVERAL PAGES. DEFINITIONS WILL
OFTEN INCLUDE DETAILED
THE BIGGEST HURDLE YOU
MAY FACE IN WRITING A
DESCRIPTION
IS REMEMBERING WHAT
THE TERM MEANS AS IT IS
USED IN A
TECHNICAL WRITING
CONTEXT.
 Example:
• “Certain iPhones have a camera lens called a
fisheye.”
• “This version of the iPhone has a screen size of
6.5 inches measured diagonally. The phone itself
measures 6.22 inches long, 3.06 wide, and 0.32
inches thick and weighs 7.97 ounces.”
WHAT HAPPENS IF
TECHNICAL POORLY WRITTEN
DESCRIPTIONS TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS
CAN CAUSE CONFUSION,
ARE WRITTEN WASTE TIME, AND EVEN
RESULT IN CATASTROPHE!
POORLY? TECHNICAL PRODUCT
DESCRIPTIONS ARE OFTEN
LEGALLY REQUIRED TO
ENSURE SAFETY AND
COMPLIANCE.
EXPOSITORY
WHAT IS
EXPOSITORY WRITING IS A
EXPOSITORY STYLE OF COMPOSITION
THAT EXPOSES OR
WRITING? EXPLAINS A TOPIC USING
FACTS. EXPOSITORY
WRITING OFTEN INCLUDES
A THESIS STATEMENT,
SUPPORTIVE INFORMATION,
EXPLANATORY
PARAGRAPHS AND A
CONCLUSION THAT
SUMMARIZES THE
INFORMATION. THESE
DOCUMENTS DISCUSS
HOW IS EXPOSITORY WRITING
DIFFERENT FROM OTHER
TYPES OF WRITING?
01 02 03 04
•EXPOSITORY •EXPOSITORY •EXPOSITORY •EXPOSITORY
WRITING DOES WRITING IS NOT A WRITING DOES
WRITING DOES
NOT PERSUADE NOT INCLUDE THE
NOT TELL A SUMMARY OF THE
A READER BUT AUTHORS
BOOK.
STORY. ONLY GIVES OPINION, BUT
FACTS AND FOCUSES ON
REASONS. ACCEPTED FACTS
ABOUT A TOPIC.
EXAMPLES OF EXPOSITORY
WRITING
• LETTERS,
NEWSLETTERS
• DEFINITIONS
• INSTRUCTIONS
• GUIDEBOOKS
• Manuals
• research
SUMMARY
ACTIVITY
TIME
EASY ROUND
1 . I T S A F U N D A M E N TA L

BUILDING BLOCK IN WRITING,

S E RV I N G A S A S E L F - C O N TA I N E D a. Sentence
U N I T T H AT R E V O LV E S A R O U N D A

SINGLE MAIN IDEA.

b. Clause

c. Paragraph

d. Technical Writing
2. refers to the coherence and focus

of the paragraph's content. a. Coherence

b. Emphasis

c. Consistency

d. Unity
3. Refers to the extent to which the

flow of ideas in a paragraph. a. Consistency

b. Emphasis

c. Coherence

d. Unity
4. ITS A STYLE OF COMPOSITION

T H AT E X P O S E S O R E X P L A I N S A
a. Expository Writing
T O P I C U S I N G FA C T S
b. Descriptive Writing

c. Technical Writing

d. Writing
5. IS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE

PA R A G R A P H C O M P O S I T I O N I N
a. Consistency
W H I C H T H E I M P O RTA N T I D E A S
b. Emphasis
A R E M A D E T O S TA N D .

c. Coherence

d. Unity
AVERAGE ROUND
6. Is it true that one must learn the

characteretics and forms of

paragraph to improve its writing on

his/her own paragraph?

7. The word paragraph comes

from its origins in a Latin word

parágraphos
8.A paragraph can have just one

sentence.
DIFFICULT ROUND
9.What does parágraphos
mean?
10.What are the Importance of Learning
the Characteristics and Forms of
Paragraphs and the Importance in
Learning the Forms of Technical Writing
Discourse?
T H AT ’ S A L L , T H A N K Y O U F O R

LISTENING!