Math - 11th Grade

Statistics and
Probability:
Illustrating a Random Variable
(Discrete and Continuous)
After Going Through This Lesson,

You are Expected to:

●Define random variable; and
●Illustrate random variables
(discrete and continuous).
01
EXPLORING
RANDOM
VARIABLES
A Random Variable is a function that
associates a real number with each element in
the sample space. It is a variable whose values
are determined by chance. Thus, in simple
words, a Random Variable is a numerical
quantity that is derived from the outcomes of a
random experiment.
Examples of Random Variables
a. In the experiment of a tossing a coin, the
number of times the coin turns up a head
is an example of random variables.
b. Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of
the two numbers that face up is an
example of a random variable.
c. Suppose the spinner shown below is
spun.

An example of a random variable for this

experiment is the number of times that the
spinner stops at number 3.
Steps on how to find the value of the random
variables on any events or experiments:
1.Assign letters that will represent each
outcome.
2.Determine the sample space (All possible
outcomes).
3.Count the number of the random variable.
Example 1
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let
X be the random variable
representing the number of heads
that will occur. Find the values of
random variable X.
Example 2
Suppose there are 2 people to be tested
in Covid-19. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of
infected person that occur. Find the
values of the random variable X.
2 Types of
Random
Variables
DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE
It can only take a finite (countable)
number of distinct values. The
values are exact and can be
represented by nonnegative whole
numbers.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
It can assume an infinite number of values
in an interval between two specific values.
They can assume values that can be
represented not only by nonnegative whole
numbers but also fractions and decimals and
are often results of measurement.
EXAMPLE:
Classify the following random variables if discrete or
continuous.
a. Number of patients per day at Ospital ng Muntinlupa
b. Temperature of the Covid-19 patients
c. The number of male athletes
d. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
e. The number of deaths infected by Covid-19 in
Muntinlupa.
TRY THIS!
1.score of a students in a quiz
2.how long students ate breakfast
3.time to finish running 100 m
4.amount of paint utilized in a building project
5.the number of deaths per year attributed to lung
cancer
6. the speed of a car.
7. the number of dropout
8. the number of voters favoring a candidate.
9. the time needed to finish the test.
10. number of eggs a hen lays.
11. average temperature in Baguio City for the
past 5 days.
12. weighs of 8 randomly selected Math books
13. Amount of sugar in a cup of
coffee.
14. Amount of rainfall (in mm) in
different cities in NCR.
15. Number of gifts received by 20
students during Christmas season.
 FINDING THE
POSSIBLE VALUE OF
A RANDOM
VARIABLES.
EXAMPLE 1
Suppose three laptops are tested at
random. We want to find out the
number of non-defective laptops that
appear. Thus, to each outcome in the
sample space we shall assign a value.
EXAMPLE 2
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be
the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Find the
values of the random variable X.
ACTIVITY TIME!
 The Probability
Distribution of a Discrete
Random Variable
● A Discrete Probability Distribution is
a listing of all possible values of a
discrete random variable along with
their corresponding probabilities.
● It Is represented in tabular,
graphical/Histogram or formula form.
Steps in Getting the Probability of
each value of the random
variable:
1.Assign letters that will represent each
outcome.
2.Determine the sample space (possible
outcomes).
Steps in Getting the Probability of
each value of the random
variable:
3. Count the number of the value of the
random variable.
4. Given the total possible values of the
random variable, assign probability values to
each value of the random variable.
Example 1
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let X
be the random variable representing the
number of heads. Construct the
probability distribution and draw the
histogram.
Example 2
Two fair dice are thrown
simultaneously. Let X be the sum of the
two outcomes in throwing the two fair
dice. Construct the discrete probability
distribution. Draw the Histogram.
TRY THIS!
Box A and Box B contain 1, 2, 3, 4. write the
probability mass function and draw the histogram
of the sum when one number from each box is
taken at a time, with replacement. Construct the
discrete probability distribution. Draw the
Histogram.
Properties of Discrete
Probability
Distribution
 Properties of Discrete Probability
Distribution
1.The probability of each value of a
discrete random variable is between 0
and 1 inclusive.
2.The sum of all probabilities is 1
Example 1: Determine whether the
distribution is a discrete probability
distribution.
1.

x 2 4 6
Example 1: Determine whether the
distribution is a discrete probability
distribution.
2.
Example 2: A random variable X has
the following probability distribution
3
____

a. Find P(2)
b. Find P(x<2)
c. Find P(x
d. Find P(1
 Determine if the distribution below is a
discrete probability distribution:
x 0 1 2 3
P(x)

x 0 1 2 3
P(x) -0.25 0.25 0.35 0.15
 x 0 1 2 3
P(x)

x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.01 0.32 0.46 0.21
 Computing
Probability
Corresponding to a
Given Random
Variable
 INEQUALITY SYMBOL
SYMBOL MEANING WORD PHRASES
Less than Fewer than,
below
Greater than More than, above

Less than or At most, no more

equal to than
Greater than or At least, no less
equal to than
Not equal to
EXAMPLE 1:

The following data show the

probabilities for the number of
cars sold in a given day at a car
dealer store.
Example 2

In a convenient store, the number of

tellers (X) busy with costumers at 12:00
noon varies from day to day. Past
records indicate that the probability
distribution of X is as follows.
QUESTIONS:

1. What is the probability that exactly

four tellers are busy at 12:00 noon?
2. What is the probability that at least,
two tellers are busy at 12:00 noon?
QUESTIONS:

3. What is the probability that fewer than

five tellers are busy at 12:00 noon?
4. What is the probability that at least two,
but fewer than five tellers are busy at 12:00
noon?
QUESTIONS:

5. What is the probability that at least

no tellers are busy at 12:00 noon?
Illustrating Mean
and Variance of
Discrete Random
Variable
EXPECTED VALUE OR MEAN
VALUE
The MEAN is considered as a measure of
the central location of a random variable. It
is the weighted average of the values that
random variable X can take, with weights
provided by the probability distribution.
Steps in Computing Expected Value or
Mean Value of a Discrete Random Variable
X
1. Multiply each possible X value
by the probability of observing
value.
2. Add the resulting quantities.
FORMULA

𝑬 ( 𝑿 )=𝝁 𝑿= 𝑿 𝟏 ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 𝟏 ) + 𝑿 𝟐 ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 𝟐 ) +…..+ 𝑿 𝒏 ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 𝒏 )
EXAMPLE 1:
Construct a probability
distribution for rolling a
single die. Find the expected
value.
EXAMPLE 2:
The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 items in a supermarket are and respectively.
What is the average number of items that a
customer will buy? Compute the Variance and
Standard Deviation of the probability distribution.
VARIANCE
The Variance for a random
variable distribution is
Standard Deviation
The Standard Deviation for a
random variable of a
probability distribution is
EXAMPLE 3:
Find the Mean, Variance and
Standard Deviation of the
probability distribution.
𝑬 ( 𝑿 )= 𝝁 𝑿 = 𝑿 𝟏 ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 𝟏 ) + 𝑿 𝟐 ∙ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 𝟐 ) +… ..+ 𝑿 𝒏 ∙

𝜎 =∑ [ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) ] −𝜇
2 2 2

𝜎 =√𝜎 2
ACTIVITY: FIND THE MEAN OF THE
GIVEN PROBLEM
1. Supposed three coins are tossed.
Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails.
Find the mean of the probability
distribution.
2. Find the mean of the probability
distribution of the random variable X,
which can take only the values 1, 2, and
3, given that .
 Find the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation:

1. The number of computers sold per

day at a local computer store, along
with its corresponding probabilities, is
shown in the table below.
Number of Computer Probability P(X)
Sold X
0 0.1
2 0.2
5 0.3
7 0.2
9 0.2
 Find the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation:

2. The number of inquiries received per

day by the office of Admission in SHS
X last enrolment is shown below.
Number of Inquiries X Probability P(X)
22 0.08
25 0.19
26 0.36
28 0.25
29 0.07
30 0.05
 Interpreting the
Mean and Variance
of a Probability
Distributions
NOTE

● Small variance or standard deviation means that the assumed

values or data points tend to be very close to the mean.
● Higher variance or standard deviation means that the assumed
values or data points are spread out from the mean.
● The variance and standard deviation measures or describes
how far a set of data (assumed values of random variables) is
spread out
 The Normal
Distribution and Its
Properties
Understanding Normal Curve

The normal distribution or simply as

normal curve is a bell-shaped distribution which
has important role in inferential statistics. It
provides a graphical representation of statistical
values that are needed in describing the
characteristics of population as well as in making
decisions.
Understanding Normal Curve

The normal distribution refers to a

continuous probability distribution
described by the normal equation
Understanding Normal Curve

A random variable X whose

distribution has the shape of a normal curve
called a normal random variable. This
random variable X is said to be normally
distributed with mean and standard deviation .
Properties of Normal Probability Distribution

1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

2. The curve is symmetrical about its
center.
3. The mean, median and mode
coincide at the center.
Properties of Normal Probability Distribution

4. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely

along the horizontal axis, always approaching the
axis but never touching it. That is the curve is
asymptotic to the base line.
5. The total area under the normal curve is equal to
1 or 100%.
 Two factors that the graph of the normal
distribution may depend on:

1.Mean
2.Standard Deviation
 The Standard Normal curve

It is a normal probability distribution that has

a mean and a standard deviation unit.
 EMPERICAL RULE
The Empirical Rule is also referred
to as 68-95-99.7% Rule. What it
tells us is that for a normally
distributed variable, the following
are true:
 EMPERICAL RULE
●Approximately 68% of the data lie
within 1 standard deviation of the
mean.
 EMPERICAL RULE
●Approximately 95% of the data lie
within 2 standard deviation of the
mean.
 EMPERICAL RULE
●Approximately 99.7% of the data
lie within 3 standard deviation of
the mean.
Validating the Empirical Rule
Example 1: What is the frequency and
relative frequency of babies' weights that are
within:
2.24 4.21 5.16 5.63 6.18 6.4 6.8 7.34 8.47
2.93 4.38 5.26 5.84 6.19 6.56 6.83 7.35 8.6
3.45 4.69 5.32 5.87 6.24 6.61 7.19 7.35 9.01
3.99 4.94 5.37 6.11 6.38 6.76 7.29 7.68 9.47
Example 2:
The scores of the Senior High School students in their
Statistics and Probability quarterly examination are
normally distributed with a mean of 35 and a standard
deviation of 5. (Statistics and Probability, PIVOT).
Answer the following questions:
a. What percent of the scores are between 30 to 40?
b. What scores fall within 95% of the distribution?
TRY THIS!
Use Empirical rule to complete the
following table. Write on the
respective column to range or
interval of the scores based on the
given parameters.
 MEAN STANDARD 68% 95% 99.7%
DEVIATION

1. 20 2
2. 87 5.5
TRY THIS!
Illustrate the following distribution
through a diagram.
 Thanks!
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