Commonly used statistical

tests in research

Presented by
Dr. Javaria Malik
Types of statistics

• Descriptive statistics deals with

enumeration ,organization and
graphical representation of the data
• Inferential statistics is concerned with
about making conclusion about
population characteristics using
information contained in a sample
that is generalizing from the specific
Population and
sample

• Population is the set of all

measurements of interest
to the researcher
• Sample Is any subset of
measurement selected
from the population
 Scales of
measurements
 Null and
alternate
hypothesis
 INDEPENDENT SAMPLE:
Taking a random sample from each of the two
groups under study. For example to compare
heights of males and females, we could take a
INDEPENDE random sample of 100 females and another random
sample of 100 males. The result would be two
NT AND samples which are independent of each other.
DEPENDENT SAMPLE:
DEPENDENT In a dependent sample (or paired sample), the
SAMPLE measured values are connected. For example, if a
sample is drawn of people who have knee surgery
and the people in the sample are each interviewed
before and after the surgery, it is a dependent
sample.
A training program assessment takes pretest and
posttest scores from the same group of people.
 No. Of samples Level of measurement
Nominal Ordinal Interval/Ratio
Some 1 sample X2 test Kolmogorove-
smirnoff 1
1 sample t –
test
commonly used sample test

statistical tests 2 independent

samples
X2 test Man-Whiteny U
test
2 sample t- test

2 dependent Mc Nemer Wilcoxon Test Paired t -test

samples test
> 2 independent X2 test Kruskal -wallis ANOVA test
samples test
> 2 dependent Cochrane Q Friedman-rank Repeated
samples test test measure
ANOVA
T-test
ANOVA
MANOVA
 Chi-
square
test
Standard
deviation