Presentation

On
Geopolymer Concrete by
Incorporating Nanomaterials
Presented By: Project Guide:
Anand Kumar (2001070004) Mr. Gaurav Thakur
Piyush Sharma (2001070007) Assistant Professor
Pooja Khetwal(1001070009) Department of Civil
Engineering
Abhishek Kiran Kumar
Uttaranchal Institute of
(1001070002) Technology
Uttaranchal University
CONTENTS
• Introduction on Geopolymer
• Advantages of Geopolymer Concrete
• Nanomaterials
• Review of Literature
• Research Methodology
• Tests Performed
• Results
• Concrete Mix Design
• Hardened Concrete Test
• Results and Discussions
• Fresh Concrete Test
• Workability Test
• Hardened Concrete Test
• Compressive Strength Test
• Flexural Strength Test
• Conclusions And Future Scope
• Refrences
2
 INTRODUCTION TO GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE (GPC)

• Geopolymer concrete is an innovative , eco-friendly construction material .

• Commonly used binding materials are fly ash , ground granulated blast furnace slag , silica fume ,
metakaolin along with alkali activators .

• Waste materials from various sectors can be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner with the help of
geopolymer concrete. Interestingly, FA is quite useful in this situation, encouraging sustainability.

ADVANTAGES OF GPC
• Reduces the demand of OPC which leads to Co2 emission.

• Utilise waste materials from industries such as fly ash, silica-fume, GGBS .

• Protect water bodies from contamination due to fly ash disposal .

• Produce a more durable infrastructure .

3
NANOMATERIALS Click icon to add picture

Materials with at least one external

dimension that measures 100 nanometres
or less or with internal structures
measuring 100 nm or less.

TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS
USED

• Most common and research material

used so far
• Nano Silica
• Carbon nanotubes
• Titanium oxide (TiO2)
• Nano-clay
 Papers on Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Nano-Particles
S. Name of Title of the Name of the Observations /
Year Parameters Author’s Review
No Author(s) Paper Journal Critical Findings

Geopolymer concrete has

excellent properties within
Geopolymer concrete
both acid and salt
based on pozzolana
Recent research The 3rd ACF Binder : fly ash environments. Comparing to
is a new material that
1 V. Chanh on geopolymer International Alkali Activator: NaOH Portland cement, the
2008 does not need the
concrete Conference and Sodium Silicate production of geopolymers
presence of Portland
have a relative higher
cement as a binder.
strength, excellent volume
stability, better durability.

presented brief details of

Geopolymer studies on geopolymer precast concrete
35th Conference
Concrete: A Binder : fly ash geopolymer concrete products. The economic
N.A. on OUR WORLD
2 Review of Alkali Activator: NaOH mix design, benefits and contributions of
Lloyd IN CONCRETE
Development 2010 and Sodium Silicate structural behavior geopolymer concrete to
& STRUCTURES
and Opportunity and durability. sustainable development are
also outlined
S. Title of the Name of the Observations /
Name of Author(s) Year Parameters Author’s Review
No Paper Journal Critical Findings

The material and

structural
Structural and
performances of
material FA-based geopolymer
Construction geopolymer
performance of concrete is the most
C.K. Ma And Building 2018 - concrete to identify
3 Geopolymer popular and widely
Material the research gaps in
Concrete : A tested
this area for future
Review
research
development

Papers On GPC Incorporated With Nano Materials

Nano silica and also

Geopolymer concrete
titanium di-oxide
with 1% titanium di-
can be added with
oxide shows
low calcium fly ash
Effect of Perspectives of appreciable
based geopolymer
S. NASKAR nanomaterials in Science 2016 - improvement
4 concrete to get
GPC in Compressive
satisfactory amount
Strength although pH
compressive
remains almost same
strength
in all cases.
S. Name of Title of the Name of the Observations /
Year Parameters Author’s Review
No Author(s) Paper Journal Critical Findings

The fly-ash based nano-

nano silica modified
silica modified geopolymer
fly ash based
Structural concrete (cured at ambient
geopolymer concrete
Performance of Nano Construction temperature) shows
Binder : Fly ash , shows appreciable
silica modified fly and Building excellent mechanical
5 nano silica improvement in
D. Adak ash geopolymer Materials 2017 strength compared to
structural behavior at
concrete conventional heat cured
different ages without
geopolymer concrete and
any heat activation.
OPC concrete.

Effect of nano-silica the effect of N

on the chemical ano silica on the short It indicated that FAGPC
durability and Binder : fly ash , term severe durability concretes showed superior
mechanical nano silica performance of fly ash performance than OPC
2018
6 A. Cevik performance of fly based geopolymer concrete under chemical
ash based Activator:Na2SiO3, concrete (GPC) attacks due to low calcium
geopolymer concrete NaOH specimens was content..
investigated
S.
Name of Title of the Name of the Observations /
N Year Parameters Author’s Review
Author(s) Paper Journal Critical Findings
o

Nano-CaCO3 can be used as

Nano- The influence of these a filler to densify the
Influence of nano-TiO2, microstructure of the
nano-Fe2O3, nano clay TiO2Nano- nanomaterials on the
Fe2O3Nanocla fresh properties, cementitious matrix. he
and nano-CaCO3 on the Cleaner y/ microstructure, findings have confirmed the
7 J. A. Abdalla properties of 2022 optimal dosage of these
Materials metakaolinNa mechanical, and
cement/geopolymer no- durability characteristics nanomaterials and the
concrete CaCO3Geopol of cement/geopolymer possibility of using
ymer concrete concrete were analyzed. combinations of various micro
and nanomaterials to attain
superior properties.

Experimental study on The test outcomes The present work showed the
Tenth
the properties of ultra- showed that by raising suitability of PPFs and NS to
International
high-strength Silica fume , the percentage of PPFs develop ultra-high-strength
Congress on
8 F. Althoey geopolymer concrete 2023 Nano silica , and NS to the allowable geopolymer concrete, which
Peer review
with polypropylene GGBS, PPF limit, the performance of can be used as a possible
and scientific
fibers and nano-silica UHS-GPC can be alternate material for Portland
publication
improved significantly cement-based concrete.
S. Name of Title of the Name of the Observations /
Year Parameters Author’s Review
No Author(s) Paper Journal Critical Findings

Development of High
Thermal Stability Journals of NMK thermal stability of
Geopolymer Building activators : geopolymer composites Mechanical strength of
9 E l. Nagar et al. 2019 Na2SiO3 and
Composites Enhanced Materials and enhanced by nano geopolymer increases
by Nano Metakaolin Structures NaOH metakaolin materials

Mechanical strength
the partial substitution of
and durability analysis the effect of addition of
Case Studies in cement by 10 % FA and 7.5
of mortars prepared Fly ash and FA and MK on the
10 R. Garg et al. Construction 2023 % MK enhanced the
with fly ash and nano- NMK mechanical and durability
Materials performance of cement
metakaolin properties of the mortar.
mortars.

Papers On GPC Incorporated With Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tubes

Effect of Carbon
the application of multi-
Nanotubes on the addition of MWCNTs
walled carbon nanotubes
P. Rovnanik et Mechanical Fracture Procedia Fly ash , increases the elastic modulus
11 2016 (MWCNTs) to improve
al. Properties of Fly Ash Engineering MWCNT and compressive strength of
the fracture properties of
Geopolymer fly ash geopolymer
fly ash geopolymer.
S.
Name of Title of the Name of the Observations /
N Year Parameters Author’s Review
Author(s) Paper Journal Critical Findings
o

Hybrid effect of carbon nanotubes Reinforced LWGC beam

carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used containing BFs and CNTs had
and basalt fibers on Binders: basalt to improve the higher flexural strength and
Construction and
properties of fibres (BFs) and engineering better duct CNTs could be used
12 M. B. Asil et al. Building Materials 2022
lightweight carbon nanotubes attributes of as a replacement for a part of
geopolymer (CNTs) lightweight GGBFS to obtain structural
concretes geopolymer LWGC with suitable mechanical
concrete (LWGC) and durability attributes .

Papers On GPC Incorporated With Nano Clay

nano-clay behaves not only as a

filler to improve the
Effect of nano-clay mechanical
microstructure, but also as an
on mechanical and properties of
activator to facilitate the
thermal properties geopolymer nano-
Journal of Asian geopolymeric reaction. addition
13 H. Assaedi et al. of geopolymer 2016 Nano-Clay composites are
Ceramic Societies of 2.0 wt% nano-clay to the
Footnote improved due to
geopolymer composites
addition of nano-
enhanced their flexural strength
clay
(by 20%) and compressive
strength (by 23%).
S. Title of the Name of the Observations /
Name of Author(s) Year Parameters Author’s Review
No Paper Journal Critical Findings

t addition of 6% Nano Clay

A study on the in GGBS blended Fly ash
Effects of the
effect of nano based GPC cured at
incorporation of
clay and GGBS Ambient temperature
Journals Of Nano-clay nano-clay in fly
on the strength improves compressive
14 A. Rauitheja et al. Materials Today: 2019 Low-calcium fly ash based
properties of fly strength, Split tensile
ash , GGBS geopolymer
ash based strength and flexural
binders have been
geopolymers strength of 46.54%, 50.72%
investigated.
and 48.29% over Control
GPC mix.

addition of a small amount

of nano-ZnO (0.5%) to
The effects of the
Effect of nano- geopolymer used in the
Binders: Nano-ZnO nano - ZnO
ZnO on construction field is
Journal of Asian Alkali concentration on
mechanical and appropriate because the
15 Z. Zidi et al. Ceramic Societies 2019 Activators:sodium the mechanical,
thermal resulting composites have a
hydroxide and structural and
properties of compressive strength almost
sodium silicate thermal properties
geopolymer equal the compressive
were studied
strength of Portland cement
(38 ≈ 40 MPa).
Tests Performed
CEMENT
1. Fineness Test.
2. Standard Consistency.
3. Initial Setting Time.
4. Final Setting Time.
5. Soundness Test.
 SAND
1. Sieve Analysis.
2. Fineness Modulus.
3. Specific Gravity.
4. Water Absorption.
5. Apparent Specific Gravity.

13
TESTS PERFORMED
COARSE AGGREGATE
1. Specific Gravity.
2. Sieve Analysis.
3. Bulk Density.
4. Water Absorption.

14
RESULTS
CEMENT

S.No Name of Test IS Code Result

Fineness Test. 3.98%
1 4031(Part-1)1998

Standard
36%
2 Consistency. 4031(Part-4)1998

45Minutes
3 Initial Setting Time 4031(Part-5)1998

Final Setting Time. 598Minutes

4 4031(Part-5)1998

Soundness Test.
5 4031(Part-4)1998 8mm

15
 RESULT
SAND (Fine aggregate)
 SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve Grain Size Analysis is capable of determining the particles' size ranging from 0.075
mm to 10mm.
fineness modulus=F/100
=2.60

16
RESULTS
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
Specific gravity of aggregates is considered as an
indication of strength.
Specific Gravity Of fine aggregate= 2.64
water absorption for fine aggregate= 1.78%

COARSE AGGREGATE
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
Specific Gravity Of coarse aggregate= 2.7
water absorption for coarse aggregate= 2.3%

17
RESULTS
 BULK DENSITY : (Coarse aggregate)
Loose bulk density = 1444.67 kg/m3
Compacted Bulk Density = 1586 kg/m3

 BULK DENSITY : (Fine aggregate)

Loose bulk density = 1760 kg/m3
compacted bulk density = 1836.67 kg/m3

18
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
• Concrete mix design is the process of determining the proportions of the various components that need to be
combined to create a concrete mix with the desired properties.

• We have designed for grade M30.

• The test results are as follows;

• Cement – 492.5 kg/m3

• Water – 197 kg/m3

• Fine Aggregate – 724.22 kg/m3

• Coarse aggregate – 1006.2 kg/m3

• Water cement ratio – 0.4

Therefore after all the calculation we found that we have to take (1:1.47:2.04) ratio 19
HARDENED CONCRETE TESTS
 Compressive strength test: Compressive strength of hardened concrete refers to its ability to resist
axial loads applied to it, causing the material to crush or deform. It's one of the most important properties
used to assess the quality and performance of concrete in structural applications.

20
HARDENED CONCRETE TESTS
Flexural strength test : The flexural strength test of concrete, also known as the modulus of rupture
test or the bending test, evaluates the ability of concrete to resist bending or flexural stresses. Unlike the
compressive strength test, which measures the concrete's ability to withstand axial loads, the flexural
strength test assesses its behaviour under bending or tensile stresses.

21
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
 FRESH CONCRETE TEST - WORKABILITY TEST
• Copper and Aluminium nanoparticles, for example, can be added to concrete and have a variety of effects on the
mixture's workability.

• Copper Nanoparticles: Because copper nanoparticles tend to clump together and make the mixture more viscous,
adding them to concrete may make it less workable. As a result, as the dosage of copper nanoparticles increases, the
slump value—a gauge of the concrete's workability—may drop.

• Aluminium Nanoparticles: In contrast to copper nanoparticles, aluminium nanoparticles could have a different
impact on workability. It is well known that aluminium nanoparticles can serve as nucleation sites in cementitious
materials, encouraging the development of hydration products. Concrete may become more workable and have
better mechanical qualities as a result. On the other hand, high aluminium nanoparticle dosages could cause
hydrogen gas to develop during hydration, which could have an impact on the stability and workability of the
concrete.
22
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

• It shows how different amounts of nanoparticles can influence how workable concrete is, with copper nanoparticles
typically resulting in less workability and aluminum nanoparticles possibly resulting in an improvement. It can also have
an impact on the stability and workability of the concrete mixture.
Percentage of Nano-
Slump value
Mix Type of Nano-Particle Added Particle
(mm)
(By Weight of Cement)
98
CM Control Mix (M30) -

95
M1 Nano-Copper Oxide 0.1
90
M2 Nano-Copper Oxide 0.2
88
M3 Nano-Copper Oxide
0.3
115
M4 Nano-Aluminium Oxide 0.1

M5 Nano-Aluminium Oxide 0.2 120

M6 Nano-Aluminium Oxide 135

0.3
23
 Slump value (mm)

100
120
140
160

20
40
60
80

Control Mix (M30)

CM
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Nano-Copper Oxide

M1

(By Weight of Cement)

Percentage of Nano-Particle
Chart Title

Nano-Copper Oxide
M2

Nano-Copper Oxide
M3

slump value (mm)

Nano-Aluminium Oxide
M4

Nano-Aluminium Oxide
M5

Nano-Aluminium Oxide
M6

24
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Type of Volume of 1 Total Volume of

S. No. Size of Specimen No.
Specimen Specimen (cu.m.) Specimens (cu.m.)

1 Cube 150 mm x 150 mm 150 mm 6 0.003375 0.02025

2 Beam 500 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm 3 0.005 0.015

Total Volume 0.0353

Increase by 50% for shrinkage 0.0529

Increase by 10% for wastage 0.0582

% of Fly ash Added by Weight of Cement 20

Ratio of NaOH: Na2SiO3 (2 Molar) 1:2

25
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Compressive Strength Test Results
• Addition of nanomaterials in fly ash based geopolymer concrete seems to provide high compressive
strength. It was observed that addition of 2% of nano CaO gives the highest compressive strength in both 7
days and 28 days, whereas addition of 1% and 3% of nano CaO to the mix was observed that it also
increases the strength but less as compared to 2% addition of nanoparticles.

• Moreover, addition of Aluminium oxide to geopolymer concrete were also observed. It was noted that
addition of 3% of Al2O3 to the fly ash based geopolymer concrete provides the highest strength on both 7
days and 28 days.

26
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Compressive Strength (MPa) Compressive Strength (MPa)
Percentage of
Type of Nano-Particle Nano-Particle 7 Days 28 Days
Mix
Added (By Weight of
Cement)
Average Average
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
Value Value

CM Control Mix (M30) - 21.76 22.86 18.92 21.18 37.64 37.01 37.12 37.26

M1 Nano-Copper Oxide 0.1 22.71 22.56 22.13 22.47 40.15 41.20 40.65 40.67
0.2
M2 Nano-Copper Oxide 25.14 24.95 25.55 25.21 42.13 42.76 43.15 42.68

M3 Nano-Copper Oxide 0.3 24.89 24.12 23.98 24.33 41.56 40.96 41.98 41.50
Nano-Aluminium
M4 0.1 21.98 21.89 22.18 22.02 39.15 40.60 40.11 39.95
Oxide
Nano-Aluminium
M5 0.2 23.23 23.67 23.89 23.60 40.22 41.10 40.95 40.76
Oxide
Nano-Aluminium
M6 0.3 24.95 24.65 24.86 24.82 41.88 42.01 41.60 41.83
Oxide

27
 Compressive Strength (MPa)

19.00
20.00
21.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
Control Mix (M30)- 0% Nanoparticle

CM
22.00 21.18
Nano-CuO- 0.1%

M1
22.47
Nano-CuO- 0.2%

M2
25.21

Nano-CuO- 0.3%

M3
24.33

Nano-Al2O3- 0.1%

M4
22.02
7 Days Compressive Strength (MPa)

Nano-Al2O3- 0.2%

M5
23.60

Nano-Al2O3- 0.3%

M6
24.82
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Compressive Strength (MPa)

34.00
36.00
38.00
40.00
42.00
44.00

Control Mix (M30)- 0% Nanoparticle

CM

Nano-CuO- 0.1%
M1

Nano-CuO- 0.2%
M2

Nano-CuO- 0.3%
M3

Nano-Al2O3- 0.1%
M4
28 Days Compressive Strength (Mpa)

Nano-Al2O3- 0.2%
M5

Nano-Al2O3- 0.3%
M6

28
 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST RESULTS

• The flexural strength test of concrete, also known as the modulus of rupture test or the bending test, evaluates the ability of
concrete to resist bending or flexural stresses.

• Addition of nanomaterials in fly ash based geopolymer concrete seems to provide high Flexural strength. It was observed
that addition of 2% of Nano CaO gives the highest Flexural strength in both 7 days and 28 days, whereas addition of 1%
and 3% of Nano CaO to the mix was observed that it also increases the strength but less as compared to 2% addition of
nanoparticles.

• Moreover, addition of Aluminium oxide to geopolymer concrete were also observed. It was noted that addition of 3% of
Al2O3 to the fly ash based geopolymer concrete provides the highest strength on both 7 days and 28 days.

29
 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Flexural Strength (MPa) 28 Days Flexural Strength (Mpa)
Percentag
Type of e of Nano-

Flexural Strength (Mpa)

28 Days 3.89333333333333
Nano- Particle
Mix 3.15
2.88
Particle (By 2.73 2.77666666666667
2.54
Added Weight of Specimen Specimen Specimen Average
Cement) 1 2 3 Value 1.44

Control Mix (M30)- 0% Nanoparticle

Nano-CuO- 0.1%

Nano-CuO- 0.2%

Nano-CuO- 0.3%

Nano-Al2O3- 0.1%

Nano-Al2O3- 0.2%

Nano-Al2O3- 0.3%
Control Mix
CM - 1.78 0.75 1.79 1.44
(M30)
Nano-Copper
M1 0.1 3.15 2.98 2.06 2.73
Oxide
Nano-Copper
M2 0.2 4.15 3.55 3.98 3.89
Oxide
Nano-Copper
M3 2.86 3.25 3.34 3.15
Oxide 0.3
Nano-
M4 Aluminium 0.1 2.86 2.66 2.10 2.54
Oxide
Nano- CM M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
M5 Aluminium 0.2 3.11 2.55 2.67 2.78
Oxide
Nano- 30
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSIONS
 The use of nanomaterials into geopolymer composites has several benefits, such as increasing transition zones between
surfaces, speeding chemical interactions between the constituents of the composite, and filling in gaps and spaces at the
nanoscale.

 Copper Nanoparticles typically resulting in less workability and aluminum nanoparticles possibly resulting in an
improvement. It can also have an impact on the stability and workability of the concrete mixture.

 A simple 2% addition of Nano-CaO produces a notable improvement in compressive strength and flexural strength,

while an additional 3% addition of Nano-Al 2O3 leads in an increase in flexural strength and compressive strength.

 It was observed that addition of 2% of nano CaO gives the highest compressive strength in both 7 days and 28 days.

31
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE
 It was observed that addition of 2% of nano Cao gives the highest Flexural strength in both 7 days and 28 days,
whereas addition of 1% and 3% of nano Cao to the mix was observed that it also increases the strength but less as
compared to 2% addition of nanoparticles.

FUTURE SCOPE

Based on an analysis of the literature, a significant amount of study has been conducted on the impact of adding or
changing NMs on the characteristics of GC.

 When it came to GPC mix design, a few researchers suggested a few modifications to the conventional concrete mix
design methods already in use.

 Furthermore, a thorough investigation is needed to ascertain the best ratios and concrete matrix design for nano-GC.

 Therefore, additional investigation on nano-GC is needed to comprehend the polymerization process.

32
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