Reading and

Thinking Strategies
across Text Types
A. Text as Connected
Discourse
• Content Standard: The learner realizes that
information in a written text may be selected and
organized to achieve a particular purpose.
• Performance Standard: The learner critiques a
chosen sample of each pattern of development
focusing on information selection, organization, and
development.
• Learning Competency: The learner describes a
written text as connected discourse (EN11/12RWS-
IIIa-1)
4 Basic Language
Skills
Learn to listen first,
then to speak,
then to read,
and finally, to write.
1. Listening: when people are learning
a language, they first hear it spoken
2. Speaking: Eventually, they try to
repeat what they hear.
3. Reading: Later, they see the spoken
language depicted symbolically in print.
4. Writing: Finally, they reproduce
these symbols on paper.
TEXT
• “textus” = Old French word for
scriptures (an old form of writing)
TEXT
• A large unit of written language
• A group of ideas that have been
combined together to have a main idea
DISCOURSE
• “discursus” = Late Latin word for
conversation
• A conceptual generalization of
conversation ; the process of
exchanging/using those sentences
DISCOURSE
• It is the conceptual generalization of
communication
• Uttered talk, speech, discussion and
conversation
• An extended expression of thoughts and
ideas
 TEXT vs. DISCOURSE
• TEXT is made up of sentences
• DISCOURSE is the use of such
sentences.
 TEXT vs. DISCOURSE
• A TEXT is made up of sentences
having the property of grammatical
cohesion.
• A DISCOURSE is made up of
utterances having the property of
coherence.
 TEXT vs. DISCOURSE
• TEXT analysis deals with cohesion.
• DISCOURSE analysis investigates
coherence.
 TEXT vs. DISCOURSE
• TEXT defined in terms of its being a
physical product (meaning is not found
in text)
• DISCOURSE is viewed as a process
(meaning is derived through the
reader's interaction with the text)
 What makes text a
connected discourse?
 Text becomes a
connected discourse
when we read.
What is reading?
• Reading is a complex cognitive
process of decoding symbols to derive
meaning from a text.
• It is always an interaction between the
text and the reader.
Text as a Connected Discourse
• All ideas in the text must be related in
the sense that they would express only
one main idea, or that the text must
have unity by combining all ideas to
emphasize central idea.
Text as a Connected Discourse
• Cohesion – it concerns the ways in
which the components of text are
connected within the sequence
• Coherence – this is what makes text
semantically meaningful
WORDS
 Morphology
• The study of words, how they are
formed, and their relationship to other
words in the same language
• Analyzes the structure of words and
parts of words, such as root words,
prefixes, and suffixes
Morpheme
• The smallest grammatical unit in a
language
Two Types of Morpheme
1. Free Morpheme
2. Bound Morpheme
Free Morpheme
• can function independently as a word
Examples: house, cat, blood
Lexical
• carry the content or meaning of the
messages that we are conveying
Lexical
• Noun - names of a person, place,
animal, thing, event
• Adverb - modifies an adjective, verb,
and adverb
Lexical
• Verb - action word
• Adjective - modifier for a noun &
pronoun
Functional
• do not carry the content of a message,
but rather help grammar of the
sentence function
Functional
• Preposition - modifiers that show
direction/location (in, on, at, near,
above)
• Conjunction - modifies an adjective,
verb, and adverb (and,
for, but, because, as, if)
Functional
• Determiners - placed in front of a
noun i.e., specifies the reference
Articles – a, an, the
Functional
Quantifiers – answers the question
“how many/much?” (few, many, more,
all, little)
Demonstrative – shows the position
(that, this, these, those)
Bound Morpheme
• a word element attached to a root word
(the main part of a word) to give it another
meaning
• cannot function independently as a word
Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
Affix
• a morpheme that is attached to a root
word to form a new word
1. Prefix
2. Suffix
Prefix
• a morpheme that comes before a root word
Examples:
auto- (automobile)
in- (incorrect)
over- (overcharge)
Suffix
• a morpheme that comes after a root word
Examples:
-ful (forgetful)
-ish (childish)
-ive (active)
Two Varieties of Suffixes
1. Inflectional Suffix
2. Derivational Suffix
Inflectional Suffixes
• Modify the grammatical class of words
by signaling a change in number,
tense, degrees of comparison, and so
on, but they do not shift the base form
into another word class.
Inflectional Suffixes
• Morphemes that indicate aspects of the
grammatical function of a word.
Inflectional Suffixes
• Nouns into plurals:
-s, -es, -ies
Examples:
vulture – vultures
bench – benches
lady – ladies
Inflectional Suffixes
• Verbs change tenses:
-s, -es, -ies, -ing, -d, -ed, -n, -en
Examples:
open – opens
fix – fixes
study – studies
Inflectional Suffixes
link – linking
gaze – gazed
call – called
awake – awaken
fall – fallen
Inflectional Suffixes
• Adjectives change degree:
-er, -est, -ier, -iest
Examples:
cheap – cheaper – cheapest
silly – sillier – silliest
Derivational Suffixes
• Modify either the part of speech or the
actual meaning of a word.
Derivational Suffixes
• -sh, -al, -ily, -like, -ous, -ary, -ic, -ful, -less, -
ible, -able, -er
Examples:
slow (adj.) – slowly (adv.)
color (n.) – colorful (adj.)
teach (v.) – teacher (n.)
 Compound Words
• Combination of two different words
Examples:
back + ward = backward
full + moon = full moon
six + pack = six-pack
 Group Activity
• The class will be divided into groups.
• Read and analyze the story entitled
"The Three Princes"
Do the following:
• List down 5 unfamiliar terms then give the
definition
• List down words with prefix and suffix (5 each)
• List down 5 lexical and 5 functional morpheme
• List down 5 inflectional and 5 derivational suffix
 THE THREE
PRINCES
A classic retelling of the story
as written
by: Eric A. Kimmel
 Discussion Questions
1. What was the task of the king to
the three princes? Do you think it’s
justifiable? Why or why not?
 Discussion Questions
2. Based on the king’s decision, how
can you describe him as a father?

3. How many years do the three

princes need to venture into the world?
 Discussion Questions
4. What are the wondrous items that
the three princes found?
 Discussion Questions
5. Whose wondrous thing did the
princess use to restore the youth of
the wise old man?
 Discussion Questions
6. Was the princess’ decision fair?
Explain.

7. What do you think is the theme of

the story?
 Assignment
• Provide a copy of the poem entitled
"Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll
Any questions?
Thank you!
 QUIZ #1
(10 items)
QUIZ #1
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE:
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement
is correct, if false, write the CORRECT
WORD to make the statement true.
(USE CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY)
QUIZ #1
__________1. Text becomes a
connected discourse when we
speak.
QUIZ #1
__________2. Text is the
conceptual generalization of
communication.
QUIZ #1
__________3. Text as a connected
discourse means all ideas in the text
must be related in the sense that
they would express only one
supporting idea.
QUIZ #1
__________4. Phoneme is the
smallest grammatical unit in a
language.
QUIZ #1
__________5. Morphology is the
study of sounds, how they are
formed, and their relationship to
other words in the same language.
QUIZ #1
__________6. Words such as
articles, demonstrative, and
quantifiers are examples of
functional morpheme.
QUIZ #1
__________7. Lexical morpheme
help grammar of the sentence
function.
QUIZ #1
__________8. Bound morpheme
cannot function independently as a
word.
QUIZ #1
__________9. Affix is a morpheme
that is attached to a root word to
form a new word.
QUIZ #1
__________10. Change in number,
tense, or degrees of comparison are
the characteristics of derivational
suffixes.
 QUIZ #1 – KEY TO
CORRECTIONS

Modified True or False

QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________1. Text becomes a
connected discourse when we read.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________2. Discourse is the
conceptual generalization of
communication.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________3. Text as a connected
discourse means all ideas in the text
must be related in the sense that
they would express only one main
idea.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________4. Morpheme is the
smallest grammatical unit in a
language.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________5. Morphology is the
study of words, how they are
formed, and their relationship to
other words in the same language.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
TRUE 6. Words such as
articles, demonstrative, and
quantifiers are examples of
functional morpheme.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________7. Functional
morpheme help grammar of the
sentence function.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
TRUE 8. Bound morpheme
cannot function independently as a
word.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
TRUE 9. Affix is a morpheme
that is attached to a root word to
form a new word.
QUIZ #1-Key to Corrections
__________10. Change in number,
tense, or degrees of comparison are
the characteristics of inflectional
suffixes.