WIRELESS AIRBORNE IOT

NETWORK FOR RURAL WATER

QUALITY MONITORING

Presented by: Banushree G, Jyothi V,

Pavan T M, Thripurasri S
 AGENDA

 ABSTRACT

 INTRODUCTION

 WHAT IS AN WIRELESS AIRBORNE IOT NETWORK

 AIRBORNE IOT ARCHITECTURE

 FACTORS CONFIGURATION AND RESULTS

 CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT
Currently, the Chini Lake shores house around 500 indigenous people distributed across six villages with
limited access to cellular tower communication coverage. This is mainly due to the challenging terrain profile
and dense foliage. Therefore, it is important to establish a reliable line-of-sight (LoS) data transmission via a
low-altitude platform (LAP). The high availability but low-cost wireless communication infrastructure such as
LoRa is the perfect solution in this scenario. This will allow better coverage due to good propagation
characteristics at lower frequency bands as well as the elevated platform. The solution shall also equip a
wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) network, sensors technologies and a big data analytic enablement
platform. In addition, the characterization of the wireless channel behaviour in Malaysia’s tropical rural areas,
where the propagated wireless signal suffers from several imperfections, such as attenuation, diffraction,
scattering and absorption due to the presence of various surrounding elements is also being investigated. The
outcome of this research is expected to offer a new understanding of the propagation behaviour of current and
future wireless IoT technologies, thus helping the network engineer to perform accurate planning and
deployment in a rural environment. With this solution, the indigenous Orang Asli community in Chini Lake,
Pahang, Malaysia will have access to digital content, as well as water level alerts for mitigation of flooding and
drought situations, and Internet access for the promotion of local products and services.
 INTRODUCTION
• Environmental monitoring applications have received increased attention from academic and industrial
communities due to the threatening impact of environmental pollutants on living organisms’ biological
health worldwide.
• Chini Lake was recognised in 2009 as Malaysia's first UNESCO biosphere reserve. Unfortunately, it has
suffered from rampant mining and logging activities. Currently, the Chini Lake shores have around 500
indigenous people (also known as Orang Asli) distributed across six villages.
• This directly endangers underwater life and the quality of life of the indigenous people. Extensive
monitoring and corrective actions are needed to mitigate this problem.
• In the rural areas it is a challenge to get the data about the water quality by the sensors.
• As an example of Chini Lake which was situated in hilly terrains .The hilly terrains obstruct wireless
communications and limit the coverage to reach the existing water quality monitoring (WQM) stations
scattered across the lake area.
• Hence, these challenges need to be addressed with a special focus on propagation channel characteristics
that directly influence wireless transmission performance. The failure of this system would have affect the
deployment of IoT.
 WHAT IS WIRELESS IOT NETWORK?
 An IoT (Internet of Things) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially
dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring, and recording the physical conditions of the
environment, and collectively pass on such data through a wireless network to a internet-based
location
 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.
 AIRBORNE IOT ARCHITECTURE
There were several phases to the development of the wireless airborne IoT network (AIN)
architecture.
PHASE 1:AINv1

Figure 1. Proposed system architecture for AINv1

PHASE 2:AINv2

Figure 2. Proposed system architecture for AINv2.

PHASE 3:AINv3

Figure 3. Conceptual design of proposed LUCI system architecture

 FACTORS CONFIGURATION AND RESULTS
A.Packet Delivery Ratio
The PDR evaluation is performed at different spreading factor (SF), gateway (GW) heights
and EN node heights, as seen in Fig. 4. The PDR analysis showed a significant difference in
performance when using different SF configurations. For example, the PDR was improved by
~28.7%, on average, when switching from SF7 to SF12 due to higher receiver sensitivity.

Figure 4. PDR map for two GW height and SF configurations. (a) PDR map for
a GW at 50 m with SF12. (b) PDR map for a GW at 25 m with SF7.
B. Received Signal Power
The received signal power evaluation is presented as heatmaps. Two sets of measurements campaigns were
conducted: UKM Bangi campus and Chini Lake. Foir UKM measurements, with GW height of 25 m,
switching the SF from 7 to 10 significantly increases the coverage, achieving a maximum of 3.5 to 4.5 km,
as seen in Fig. 5. At SF7, the coverage with the best signal quality levels are concentrated within a 0.5 km to
1.5 km radius. Meanwhile, at SF10, the coverage increased, covering a wider area. Thus, we can conclude
that wider coverage could be achieved for higher SF configurations due to higher receiver sensitivity

Figure 5. Heatmap of LoRa coverage at UKM campus area for a GW with

different SF configurations (a) 25m (FKAB) with SF7, (b) 25m (FKAB) with
SF10.
Figure 6. Heatmap of LoRa coverage at UKM campus area for a GW (attached to a LAP) at
different heights (a) 50m with SF7 configuration, (b) 50m with SF10 configuration

Figure 7. Heatmap of LoRa DTs and BDTs coverage at Chini Lake area for a GW at (a) 25m,
(b) 120m with SF10 configuration for all cases
 CONCLUSION
In this work, understanding the LoRa-communication coverage limits while considering other signal-
influencing impacts is of utmost importance. It was observed that a wider coverage could be achieved
for higher SF configurations. Meanwhile, increasing the GW height results in improved received power
quality in addition to wider achievable coverage. Hence, it can be concluded that for successful
application planning, several considerations such as the terrain and foliage impact, suitable parameter
setup, as well as optimal GW mounting location and height, are vital to guarantee optimal signal quality
and wider coverage areas. This work is expected to replace traditional water quality monitoring stations
with an end-to-end autonomous IoT network for WQM. It also addresses several unique challenges that
arise due to the surrounding environment while gathering data from sensors spread out over a wide area
of Chini lake. The success of this system is expected to improve the underwater life of rural Chini lake.
Moreover, the information collected through the system will help scientists to better understand how to
manage and identify pollution sources in real-time. On the other hand, the system also serves as a
crucial ICT solution for people living in such areas by warning them of any possible natural disaster or
pollutants impacting the environment and living organisms.
 REFERENCES
1) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp
2) https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/
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g-system
5) https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/internet-of-drones-an-engaging-platf
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