Lambert Conformal

Conical Projections and grid

system of Pakistan

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

S.No CLO PLO

1
Demonstrate advanced survey concepts for
1 (Engineering
application to civil engineering.
Knowledge)
Lambert Conformal
Conical Projections and grid system of
Pakistan
 WHO WAS LAMBERT ?
• Johann Heinrich Lambert
(August 26, 1728 –
September 25, 1777) was
a Swiss mathematician,
physicist, philosopher and
astronomer.
• Asteroid 187 Lamberta
was named in his honor.
 WORK OF LAMBERT:
• Lambert did a great job in following fields:
– Mathematics
– Map projection
– Physics
– Philosophy
– Astronomy
– Logic
LAMBERT WORK ON PROJECTIONS:

– Lambert conformal conic projections

– Transverse Mercator projections
– Lambert azimuthal equal area projections
– Lagrange projection projections
– Lambert cylindrical equal area projections
– Transverse cylindrical equal area projections
– Lambert conical equal area projections
TYPES OF PROJECTIONS
MERCATOR PROJECTIONS
 SECANT POSTURE
In this example the cylindrical surface used for the map
“cuts” the globe at the map’s representative fraction.
Along this line there is distortion free mapping of the
geographic space.
 TYPES OF CONICAL PROJECTIONS
• Based on the cut to spheroid
– Tangent projection
– Secant projection
 SCALE DISTORTION IN LAMBERT CONICAL
CONFORMAL PROJECTION:
• No scale distortion at standard parallels
• Between the standard parallels the scale is a little
too small; beyond them, it is a little too large.

• A SECANT CONE HAS BEEN USED TO INCREASE

GREATER COVERAGE OF LATITUDES OF AREA
 PROJECTION CLASSIFICATION
Conical Distortion
 LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTION AND
GRID SYSTEM OF SUBCONTINENT:

• Using Lambert conic conformal projection Eight

Grids have been designed to cover the whole area
of Pakistan, India and Burma.
 REASON FOR MAKING EIGHT GRIDS:
• The whole area mentioned above is divided into eight
grids using LCCP using different standard parallels for
each area because we cannot cover such a large area
by using one cone with two standard parallels only
because if we do that distortions become too large to
be acceptable (i.e. we have to extend the area
between two standard parallels and larger the
distance between the std. parallels greater will be the
distortions and errors
• So, in order to minimize the distortion we have to
divide it in eight grids using eight different cones.
 TRUE ORIGIN OF ALL GRIDS:
• The brief detail about true origin of each grid is
as follows:
COLOUR SHOWN GRID # LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IN FIGURE (xo,y’) (xo,y’)
Red O 39,30 68,00
Green I 32,30 68,00
Yellow II-A 26,00 74,00
Blue II-B 26,00 90,00
Brown III-A 19,00 80,00
Violet III-b 19,00 100,00
Purple IV-A 12,00 80,00
White IV-B 12,00 104,00
 TRUE ORIGIN OF ALL GRIDS

Lat:39o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:32o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:26o00’
Long:90o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:100o0’

Lat:26o00’
Long:74o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:80o00’

Lat:12o0’
Long:80o00’ Lat:12o00’
Long:104o0’
 TRUE ORIGIN OF ALL GRIDS

Lat:39o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:32o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:26o00’
Long:90o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:100o0’

Lat:26o00’
Long:74o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:80o00’

Lat:12o0’
Long:80o00’ Lat:12o00’
Long:104o0’
 REASON FOR MAKING EIGHT GRIDS:
• It can be seen from above diagram and data
that grids designated with the same number
and a different letter have origin on the same
latitude.
• Extension in the value latitude causes increases
distortion, difficulty and inaccuracy in the
conversion and problem and complexity for the
user.
LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTION AND GRID
SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN:
• Pakistan is completely covered by Grid I and
Grid II-A as shown in the figure below. The true
origins of the grids are:
COLOUR SHOWN GRID # LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IN FIGURE (xo,y’) (xo,y’)
Green I 32,30 68,00
Yellow II-A 26,00 74,00
 TRUE ORIGIN OF ALL GRIDS

Lat:39o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:32o30’
Long:68o00’
Lat:26o00’
Long:90o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:100o0’

Lat:26o00’
Long:74o00’

Lat:19o00’
Long:80o00’

Lat:12o0’
Long:80o00’ Lat:12o00’
Long:104o0’
 Lat:32o30’
Long:68o00’

Lat:26o00’
Long:74o00’
LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTION AND GRID
SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN:
• Area included in grid I:

• Area included in Grid II-A:

• Grid overlapping:
– It is clear from above figure that grid overlapping is
1o30’.
Properties of Lambert conical conformal projection:
• It is a conformal type of projection.
• Parallels are unequally spaced arcs of concentric
circles spaced closer to each other near the center
of the map.
• The meridians of Longitudes are equally spaced
concentric straight lines converging at Apex of cone
and diverging away from it and intersect the
parallels at right angles.
• Have two standard parallels and one central parallel
(secant projection)
Properties of Lambert conical conformal projection:
• The spacing of the parallels in the Lambert projection
increase as we move away from the standard parallels
• Between the standard parallels the scale is a little too
small; beyond them, it is a little too large.
• Scale factor is one at both standard parallels i.e. no
scale distortion.
• Distances are true only along standard parallels
• Directions are reasonably accurate.
• Distortion of shapes and areas are minimal at, but
increases away from standard parallels.
• Shapes on large-scale maps of small areas essentially
true.
THIS IS VERY BRIEFLY THE BASIC
UNDERSTANDING OF THE GRID
AND PROJECTION SYSTEM OF
PAKISTAN